Accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting soft tissue changes of Class II Division 1 incisor relationship treated by all first premolar extraction compared with post-treatment lateral cephalogram.

BACKGROUND: To quantify the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting soft tissue changes of Class II Division 1 incisor relationship treated by all first premolar extraction compared with actual changes. METHODS: Pretreatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 30 young adult subjects (25 females and 5 males; age range of 16 to 21 years) were imported and traced in Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.95). Tracings of actual treatment results and the Dolphin predicted treatment outcome were superimposed to calculate the prediction errors. The mean difference for the Holdaway soft tissue analysis and at each landmark was measured in both the X and Y axes. Paired t test was used to compare the statistical differences in Holdaway soft tissue analysis parameters. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the predicted and actual values in three parameters of the Holdaway soft tissue analysis (P < 0.05). The overall accuracy of estimation was better in vertical direction than horizontal. Prediction of upper and lower lip landmarks was overestimated horizontally and underestimated vertically, whereas that belonging to chin was underestimated horizontally and overestimated vertically. Soft tissue nasion and soft tissue A-point were most accurately predicted, whereas the least accuracy was found in soft tissue chin region. CONCLUSIONS: Dolphin Imaging Software (version 11.95) can be accurate enough for use in patient communication and education but should be used with caution. It is most accurate in predicting soft tissue changes in the nasion and A-point regions, but least accurate in chin region.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Dual-dye and Dual Laser Photodynamic Therapy on Oral Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Prevotella intermedia: An In Vitro Study.

Aim: To assess and compare the antibacterial efficacy of methylene blue (MB) and red laser (660 nm) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), indocyanine green (ICG) and infrared laser (810 nm) aPDT, and dual-dye (MB and ICG) and dual light (red and infrared) aPDT on oral biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia), and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Materials and methods: Biofilms of E. faecalis, S. mutans, and P. intermedia were grown at 36°C and 5% CO2 for 7 days in a 96-well plate in a brain heart infusion (BHI) growth medium. Before aPDT, a total of 27 inoculums were collected from culture wells and grown on culture plates to assess baseline colony forming units (CFU). The microbial wells were treated with MBaPDT (group I), ICGaPDT (group II), and MBICGaPDT (group III). Post-aPDT, inoculums were collected from wells to be cultured to assess CFU. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was fixed at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Methylene blue antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (MBaPDT) caused a significant reduction in E. faecalis counts compared to other groups (f = 11.15, p = 0.01). aPDT on S. mutans resulted in a significant (p = 0.04) reduction of bacterial counts in the ICGaPDT group. aPDT on P. intermedia resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial counts (p ≤ 0.05) in MBaPDT and ICGaPDT groups. Conclusion: Dual-dye and dual light aPDT showed an antibacterial effect against E. faecalis. It was ineffective against S. mutans and P. intermedia. Clinical significance: Dual-dye aPDT may effectively reduce E. faecalis counts in infected root canals and improve the outcomes of root canal treatment. How to cite this article: Yavagal C, Yavagal PC, Marwah N, et al. Antibacterial Efficacy of Dual-dye and Dual Laser Photodynamic Therapy on Oral Biofilms of Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Prevotella intermedia: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-2):S128-S132.

Disinfection Efficacy of Laser Activation on Different Forms and Concentrations of Sodium Hypochlorite Root Canal Irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis in Primary Teeth.

Photoactivated disinfection with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has improved primary root canal treatment outcomes. This in vitro study aims to assess and compare the disinfecting efficacy of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel, without laser activation and accompanied by laser activation, on Enterococcus faecalis-contaminated primary teeth root canals. After one month of incubating extracted teeth specimens with E. faecalis, 36 specimens were randomly divided into two groups: Group A (conventional method without laser-activated irrigation) and Group B (with laser-activated irrigation). Each group was further divided into three subgroups, with six samples in each subgroup. Subgroup 1 received irrigation with normal saline, Subgroup 2 with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, and Subgroup 3 with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel. Diode laser activation at 810 nm was used in Group B. Bacterial colony counts were measured before and after the intervention. Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Microbial analysis revealed no bacterial growth in samples irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel activated with the laser. Activation with the laser significantly (p = 0.02) improved the disinfection ability of the irrigant compared to the non-activation group. The disinfection ability of sodium hypochlorite gel was better than that of saline (p = 0.02); however, it was comparable to that of sodium hypochlorite solution (p = 0.67). Conclusion: Root canal irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite gel activated with an 810 nm diode laser resulted in complete eradication of Enterococcus faecalis, indicating its effectiveness as an endodontic disinfection treatment modality.

Correlation between gerotranscendence and oral health-related quality of life among elderly population in Davanagere city: A cross-sectional survey.

Aim: To assess the relationship between oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) and gerotranscendence among elderly subjects in Davangere city. Settings and Design: Field Setting and cross-sectional survey design. Materials and Methods: Study involved a stratified sample of 400 elderly population aged 60 years and above. Data related to demographic details, systemic and oral health related factors, nutritional status, gerotranscendence level and geriatric oral health related quality of life of study participants was recorded using study proforma, Mini Nutritional Scale Assessment- Short form (MNA-SF) index, Gerotranscendence Scale Type 2 (GST2) questionnaire and GOHAI questionnaire respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: Significance level was fixed at P < 0.05. Chi-square, Pearson's/Spearman's correlation and Multiple linear regression tests were used for analysis. Results: Participants had good oral health related quality of life (mean GOHAI - 41.33±10.8) and moderate level of gerotranscendence (GST2- 19.5 ± 8.7). The gerotranscendence scores were significantly (P<0.05) negatively correlated with socioeconomic status (r = -0.19), education (r = -0.55), self-perceived oral health (r = -0.43), nutritional status (r = -0.64), GOHAI (r = -0.17), utilization of dental services (r = -0.26) and marital status (r = -0.39) and were significantly (P < 0.05) positively correlated with age (r = 0.77), systemic problems (r = 0.49), number of missing teeth (r = 0.57), self-perceived need for treatment (r = 0.24), and pan chewing (r = 0.62). Gerotranscendence was not a significant predictor of GOHAI (P = 0.43). Conclusion: Gerotranscendence was negatively correlated with oral health related quality of life among elderly population in Davanagere city.

Efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate varnish in remineralizing white spot lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACPF) varnish for remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) "in vitro" in human teeth. Materials and Methods: Literature search included three databases, namely Medline (via PubMed), The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Google Scholar from 2010 to January 2021. The studies assessing WSL depth, calcium, phosphate ion release, and microhardness due to artificial demineralization or remineralization were considered for review. Reference articles were retrieved, and a customized risk assessment tool was used. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to generate the risk of bias summary graph. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4. Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochrane's test, and random effects model was used to pool estimate of effect and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for surface microhardness. Results: Eighteen studies were selected for review based on the eligibility criteria. Four studies showed superior remineralizing effect of CPP-ACPF compared to fluoride varnishes. Four studies involving 120 human permanent teeth samples were included in the meta-analysis. Efficacy of CPP-ACPF varnish was equivalent to other fluoride varnishes in improving surface microhardness after remineralization during 7-day period (mean surface microhardness: 3.94, 95% CI [-9.08-1.21], I2: 75%, P = 0.13). Major risks of bias associated with the studies included in the review were inadequate sample size, improper sample preparation, and unexplained blinding. Conclusion: CPP-ACPF varnish appears to be equally effective as other fluoride varnishes in remineralizing artificially induced WSLs, but quality of evidence is low.

Efficacy of Laser Auricular Acupuncture for Smoking Cessation: A randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to compare urinary cotinine levels, nicotine dependence and physical effects related to smoking in smokers before and after laser auricular acupuncture, psychological counselling and a combination of laser treatment with counselling. METHODS: This study was carried out from February to July 2019 in India. A total of 60 smokers were randomly allocated to three interventional groups. Urinary cotinine levels, nicotine dependence and physical effects due to smoking were evaluated using NicAlert strips (Nymox Pharmaceutical Corp., Quebec, Canada) the Fagerström questionnaire and a visual analogue scale, respectively, at baseline and one month post-intervention. Pearson's chi-square, Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance and Wilcoxon sign rank tests were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in urinary cotinine levels and nicotine dependence and significant improvement in behaviour and physical effects related to smoking in all groups post-intervention (P <0.05). Reduction in nicotine dependence was significantly higher in the laser group (4.4 ± 1.66) compared to other groups (P <0.01). Reduction in urinary cotinine levels was highest in the laser with counselling group (0.85 ± 0.3) compared to the other groups. There was a significant reduction in irritability, headache, craving for smoking, tiredness and anxiety as well as a substantial increase in calmness, unpleasant taste of smoking, the ability to concentrate and appetite in the laser auricular acupuncture group compared to the other groups (P <0.01). CONCLUSION: Laser auricular acupuncture alone and in combination with psychological counselling can reduce nicotine dependence among smokers.

Efficacy of Laser Photobiomodulation in Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Children: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

AIM AND BACKGROUND: This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) on the acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). REVIEW METHODS: The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42019121465). An extensive electronic search for randomized control trials and clinical control trials via Medline (via PubMed), The Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register, and Scopus up to date 24/02/2019 was done. Hand searching was performed for relevant journals. Reference articles were retrieved and exported to Mendeley Desktop 1.13.3 software. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of the bias assessment tool. Articles were further analyzed using Revman5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 14 articles were considered for systematic review and 9 articles were considered for meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed a significant difference between the laser group and conventional orthodontic treatment with Forest plots showing more tooth movement in the laser group compared to the control group in 2-3 months (mean difference = 1.73; CI: 0.9-2.57; p = 0.00001; I 2 = 89 %). CONCLUSION: Although the analysis of the results shows that laser PBM favors OTM, the results are inconclusive as the heterogeneity across studies was high. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Laser PBM may be considered as novel, safe, and noninvasive adjuvant therapy for the acceleration of OTM in children. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Yavagal CM, Matondkar SP, Yavagal PC. Efficacy of Laser Photobiomodulation in Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Children: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-1):S94-S100.

Efficacy of laser photobiomodulation pulpotomy in human primary teeth: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Laser photobiomodulation (LPBM), also called Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), has shown potential to reduce the pulpal inflammation and to preserve the dental pulp vitality, thereby improving healing. Lasers being minimally invasive, safe, and patient friendly prompt its application in pediatric dentistry. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of LPBM and formocresol pulpotomy at 9 months post intervention in human primary molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled, split-mouth study design was followed involving children aged 4-7 years with at least two primary molars indicated for pulpotomy. Sixty-eight eligible primary molars were randomly allocated to two interventions - formocresol pulpotomy (Group I) and LPBM pulpotomy (Group II). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis fixing significance level at P ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical success rates between the formocresol group (97.05%) and the photobiomodulation group (94.1%) (χ2 = 0.34, P = 0.55); however, the radiographic success rate was significantly high in the laser group (94.1%) compared to the formocresol group (58.82%) (χ2 = 11.76, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: LPBM could be a viable nonpharmaceutical alternative for formocresol pulpotomy in human primary teeth.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Related to Oral Health Among Nursing Students in Davangere City: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

PURPOSE: Nurses are the professional group who most often provide care. Studies have shown that oral healthcare is being neglected by general healthcare professionals, including nurses. With proper health-related behaviour, knowledge and attitude, they can play an important role in health education and act as a role model for patients. The aim of the study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practices related to oral health among nursing (Bsc) students in Davangere city, Karnataka, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 365 BSc Nursing students at their college premises in Davangere city. Data was collected using 25 items self-administered questionnaire which was validated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's unpaired t tests were used considering p ≤0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean knowledge scores of final and third year nursing students were significantly higher than the first and second year students (p = 0.01). The majority of the students felt the need for regular visits to dentist (72.6%) and felt that oral healthcare was an important part of nursing care (91.2%). They also felt the need to collaborate with dentists (78.1%). The majority of them brushed their teeth twice daily (74.2%) and had the habit of mouth rinsing (67.4%) and referred their patients to dentists (61.4%). CONCLUSION: The knowledge related to oral health among nursing students was good. The majority believed that oral healthcare was an important part of nursing care, hence the training of nursing students pertaining to oral health education and upgrade of their academic curriculum should be prioritised.

Prevalence of dental caries based on personality types of 35-44 years old residents in Davangere city.

AIM: To assess dental caries experience of different personality types of 35-44 years old residents in Davangere city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in field setting. Based on Jenkins Activity Survey Questionnaire11 used to assess the personality types, a personality questionnaire was designed consisting of 20 items. Questionnaire was used to assess and categorize personality types as Type A, Type B and Type AB. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 17. Standard descriptive statistics were generated. Evaluation of data was done using chi square test. RESULTS: Prevalence of dental caries was 96.6% in Type A personality and 95.9% in Type B personality and this difference was not statistically significant (person chi square p value = 0.53). DISCUSSION: In a cross-sectional survey it is difficult to inspect personality types which is a qualitative variable with some people giving different responses at different occasions. There are chances of social desirability bias. Hence, longitudinal studies should be conducted to ascertain the association between personality types and dental carries.