Time delays in each step from symptom onset to treatment in acute myocardial infarction: Results from a nation-wide TURKMI registry.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to analyze the TURKMI registry to identify the factors associated with delays from symptom onset to treatment that would be the focus of improvement efforts in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Turkey. METHODS: The TURKMI study is a nation-wide registry that was conducted in 50 centers capable of 24/7 primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). All consecutive patients (n=1930) with AMI admitted to coronary care units within 48 hours of symptom onset were prospectively enrolled during a predefined 2-week period between November 1, 2018, and November 16, 2018. All the patients were examined in detail with regard to the time elapsed at each step from symptom onset to initiation of treatment, including door-to-balloon time (D2B) and total ischemic time (TIT). RESULTS: After excluding patients who suffered an AMI within the hospital (2.6%), the analysis was conducted for 1879 patients. Most of the patients (49.5%) arrived by self-transport, 11.8% by emergency medical service (EMS) ambulance, and 38.6% were transferred from another EMS without PCI capability. The median time delay from symptom-onset to EMS call was 52.5 (15-180) min and from EMS call to EMS arrival 15 (10-20) min. In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the median D2B time was 36.5 (25-63) min, and median TIT was 195 (115-330) min. TIT was significantly prolonged from 151 (90-285) min to 250 (165-372) min in patients transferred from non-PCI centers. The major significant factors associated with time delay were patient-related delay and the mode of hospital arrival, both in STEMI and non-STEMI. CONCLUSION: The baseline evaluation of the TURKMI study revealed that an important proportion of patients presenting with AMI within 48 hours of symptom onset reach the PCI treatment center later than the time proposed in the guidelines, and the use of EMS for admission to hospital is extremely low in Turkey. Patient-related factors and the mode of hospital admission were the major factors associated with the time delay to treatment.

The Effect of Foot Reflexology Applied Before Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty on Anxiety, Stress, and Cortisol Levels of Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty procedures cause anxiety and stress in individuals. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foot reflexology applied before coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on the anxiety, stress, and cortisol levels of individuals. METHODS: A simple randomized trial design was used. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into 4 groups including experimental and control groups of coronary angiography patients (30 patients in each group) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (26 patients in each group) by randomization method. Data were collected with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Distress Thermometer 90 minutes before coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and the laboratory samples were taken. After these procedures, foot reflexology was applied to both feet of the patients in the experimental group for 30 minutes, and the control group received only standard care. The inventories were reapplied 30 minutes after the reflexology application and after coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. RESULTS: Whereas there was no statistically significant difference (P > .05) between the coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty experimental and control groups in Anxiety Inventory and stress median scores before reflexology, a significant difference was found (P < .001) 30 minutes after reflexology application and after coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. After the reflexology, anxiety and stress scores were significantly lower in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < .001). Whereas there was a significant difference (P < .001) in the within-group cortisol values of both reflexology groups, no significant difference was found in the control groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of reflexology before coronary angiography and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty reduces the levels of anxiety, stress, and cortisol without any side effects.

Are there any subclinical myocardial dysfunctions in subjects with aortic valve sclerosis? A 3D-speckle tracking echocardiography study.

Aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) is defined as calcified and thickened aortic leaflets without restriction of leaflet motion. We have not found any studies that previously assessed the effect of AVS on myocardial functions with three dimensional-speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE). Therefore, we aimed to identify any early changes in left atrial (LA) myocardial dynamics and/or left ventricular (LV) systolic functions in patients with AVS using 3D-STE. Seventy-five patients with AVS and 80 age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled into the study. The baseline clinical characteristics of the study patients were recorded. Conventional 2D echocardiographic and 3D-STE analyses were performed. The LV-global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) and LV-global circumferential strain (LV-GCS) were significantly decreased in the AVS (+) group than in the control group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013, respectively). In multivariate logistic regression analysis; LV-GLS (p < 0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 3.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-5.63) and Triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.033, OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.11-1.72) were found to be independent predictors of AVS. ROC analysis was performed to find out the ideal LV-GLS cut-off value for predicting the AVS. A LV-GLS value of > - 18 has 85.8% sensitivity, 67.5% specificity for the prediction of the AVS. Our results support that subjects with AVS may have subclinical LV deformation abnormalities even though they have not LV pressure overload. According to our findings, patients with AVS should be investigated in terms of atherosclerotic risk factors, their dysmetabolic status should be evaluated and closely followed up for their progression to calcific aortic stenosis.

Predictive value of CHA2DS2-VASc and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS scores for failed reperfusion after thrombolytic therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Thrombolytic therapy is recommended for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myo- cardial infarction (STEMI) who cannot undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention within the first 120 min. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the value of CHA2DS2-VASc and CHA2DS2- -VASc-HS scores in predicting failed reperfusion in STEMI patients treated with thrombolytic therapy. METHODS: A total of 537 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study; 139 had failed thrombolysis while the remaining 398 fulfilled the criteria for successful thrombolysis. Thrombolysis failure was defined with the lack of symptom relief, < 50% ST resolution-related electrocardiography within 90 min from initiation of the thrombolytic therapy, presence of hemodynamic or electrical instability or in-hospital mortality. CHA2DS2-VASc and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS scores, which incorporate hyperlipi- demia, smoking, switches between female and male gender, were previously shown to be markers of the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). RESULTS: History of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, smoking, and CAD were significantly common in failed reperfusion patients (for all; p < 0.05). For prediction of failed rep- erfusion, the cut-off value of CHA2DS2-VASc score was ≥ 2 with a sensitivity of 80.90% and a specificity of 41.01% (area under curve [AUC] 0.660; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.618-0.700; p < 0.001) and the cut-off value of CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score was ≥ 3 with a sensitivity of 76.13% and a specificity of 67.63% (AUC 0.764; 95% CI 0.725-0.799; p < 0.001). The CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score was found to be statistically and significantly better than CHA2DS2-VASc score to predict failed reperfusion (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the CHA2DS2-VASc and especially CHA2DS2-VASc-HS scores could be considered as predictors of risk of failed reperfusion in STEMI patients.

The Severity of Coronary Arterial Stenosis in Patients With Acute ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction: A Thrombolytic Therapy Study.

BACKGROUND: It is widely believed that ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) generally occurs at the site of mild to moderate coronary stenosis. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of stenosis of infarct-related artery (IRA) in STEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) after successful reperfusion with thrombolytic therapy (TT). METHODS: A total of 463 consecutive patients between January 2008 and December 2013 with acute STEMI treated with TT were evaluated retrospectively. The patients in whom reperfusion failed (n = 120), death occurred before CAG (n = 12), IRA cannot be determined (n = 10), and CAG was not performed in index hospitalization (n = 54) were excluded from the study. To determine the severity of stenosis of IRA, two experienced cardiologists who were unaware of each other used quantitative CAG analysis. Significant stenosis was defined as a ≥ 50% stenosis in the coronary artery lumen. A total of 267 patients who were successfully reperfused with TT and in whom CAG was performed during hospitalization with median 8 (1 - 17) days after myocardial infarction were included in the study. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 55.7 ± 10.8 years (85.5% male). Most of the patients had a significant stenosis in IRA ( ≥ 50%, n = 236, group 1) after successful TT; whereas only 11.6% had stenosis < 50% (n = 31, group 2). In addition, majority of the patients had ≥ 70.4% (n = 188, 70.4%) stenosis in IRA. Average of stenosis in IRA was 74±16%. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the general opinion, we detected that majority of STEMI patients had a significant stenosis in IRA.

Chronic Papillary Muscle Rupture: 14-Year Survival without Surgical Treatment.

UNLABELLED: Papillary muscle rupture is a life-threatening complication of myocardial infarction which is usually refractory to medical treatment. We present a very rare case of a 65-year-old woman who had a myocardial infarction and posteromedial papillary muscle rupture which was only treated with medical therapy, including her corresponding 14-year follow-up. However, surgical intervention is still strongly recommended because the prognosis of acute papillary muscle rupture associated with myocardial infarction remains poor. KEY WORDS: Complication; Myocardial infarction; Papillary muscle rupture; Survival.

Relationships between P wave dispersion, atrial electromechanical delay, left atrial remodeling, and NT-proBNP levels, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the associations among the well-known atrial fibrillation (AF) predictors including P-wave dispersion (PWD), intra- and inter-atrial electromechanical dyssynchrony (EMD), left atrial (LA) phasic functions, and plasma N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: Seventy patients with HCM and age and sex matched 70 subjects were enrolled. PWD, LA total emptying fraction (LATEFr), active emptying fraction (LAAEFr), passive emptying fraction (LAPEFr), expansion index (LAEI) intra- and inter-atrial EMD were calculated. Levels of NT-proBNP of all subjects were determined. RESULTS: Higher PWD (p = 0.006), significantly decreased LAEI (p < 0.001), LATEFr, and LAPEFr (both p values < 0.001) values and significantly increased inter-atrial (p < 0.001), LA (p = 0.001), and right atrial dyssynchrony (p < 0.001) were observed in the HCM group compared to controls. PWD was negatively correlated with LAEI (r = -0.236, p = 0.005) and LATEFr (r = -0.242, p = 0.04), however not with LAPEFr (p = 0.7), or LAAEFr (p = 0.3). Except for the LA lateral wall PA' (r = 0.283, p = 0.02), PWD was not correlated with any atrial EMD parameter. Inter-atrial dyssynchrony was related to LAEI (r = -0.272, p = 0.001), LATEFr (r = -0.256, p = 0.03), and LAPEFr (r = -0.332, p = 0.006), but not, however, to LAAEFr (p = 0.4). The plasma NT-proBNP levels of patients were not correlated with either PWD (p = 0.927) or inter-atrial dyssynchrony (p = 0.102). CONCLUSIONS: PWD and inter-atrial dysynchrony seem to independently promote AF, although both are associated with LA reservoir function in HCM populations. The NT-proBNP level is not associated with these two AF predictors in patients with HCM. NT-proBNP seems to be a poor marker of atrial electrical remodeling in HCM patients.

The left atrial phasic functions and the relationship with plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels and symptomatic states in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate left atrium (LA) phasic functions and relation with N-terminal pro-B- type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels and symptomatic states of the patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS: Left atrial volume was calculated at end-systole (Vmax), end-diastole and pre-atrial contraction by echocardiography in 75 patients with HCM and 75 control subjects. Left atrial ejection fraction (LAEF), expansion index (LAEI), active emptying volume index (LAAEVI) and fraction (LAAEFr), passive emptying volume index (LAPEVI) and fraction (LAPEFr) were calculated. NT-proBNP levels were measured. RESULTS: Left atrial active emptying volume (LAAEV) positively correlated with Vmax (r=0.343, p=0.003) up to a point, but then reached a plateau with larger LA volumes in HCM group. The LAAEFr was the only variable which was similiar between asymptomatic patients and controls, but was significantly decreased in symptomatic patients (p<0.05). NT-proBNP was correlated with LAEF (r=-0.32, p=0.005), LAEI (r=-0387, p=0.001), and LAAEFr (r=-0.25, p=0.035) but not related with LAPEFr (p=0.4). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis an NT-proBNP cut-off value of 1415 pg/mL identified reduced LAEF with 87% specificity and 59% sensitivity [AUC=0.77 (95% CI: 0.65-0.89), p=0.004], a cut-off value of 820 pg/mL predicted impaired LAEI with 81% specificity ve 67% sensitivity [AUC=0.78 (95% CI: 0.66-0.9), p<0.001]; while a cut-off value of 1320 pg/mL predicted impaired LAAEFr with 76% specificity and 67% sensitivity [AUC=0.79 (95% CI: 0.68-0.91), p=0.02]. CONCLUSION: In HCM, LA phasic functions alter according to the Frank-Starling mechanism indicating occurrence of a secondary atrial myopathy. Impairment of LA booster pump function seems to be associated with appearance of symptoms and NT-proBNP levels predict the deterioration of LA reservoir and pump functions in HCM population.

Time course of recovery of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with premature ventricular contraction-induced cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias in the form of frequent, monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVC) can cause PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (PICMP). The aim of this study was to determine the baseline echocardiographic characteristics and the time course and degree of recovery of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in patients with PICMP. METHODS: Study population consisted of 348 consecutive patients (205F/143M, 44 ± 19 y/o) with frequent PVCs and/or ventricular tachycardia. PICMP was defined as LV ejection fraction (LVEF) of <55% in the absence of any detectable underlying heart disease and improvement of LVEF ≥ 15% following treatment of ventricular arrhythmia. Patients with PCIMP underwent transthoracic echocardiography for LV size and function at 1 week and at 1-3 to 6-12 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients (8F/16M, 47 ± 18 y/o) with PICMP with complete echocardiographic data were included in the study. Average baseline LV end-diastolic diameter, LV end-systolic volume, LV mass index, and LVEF were 55.4 ± 6.8 mm, 69.6 ± 23.3 mL, 110.2 ± 28.3 g/m2, and 41 ± 8.4%, respectively. Mild-to-moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) was present in 13 (54%) patients. Early improvement (≥25% increase in LVEF at 1-week follow-up compared to baseline) was observed in 13 (54%) patients. Patients with early improvement had higher LVEF at 12 months of follow-up compared to patients without early improvement (58.8 ± 5.0% vs 52.5 ± 6.7%, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: PCIMP is characterized by mild-to-moderate global LV systolic dysfunction with slightly increased LV mass and mild-to-moderate MR. Greatest improvement in LV systolic dysfunction was observed at 1-week follow-up in our study population. Early improvement in LVEF may potentially predict the complete reversibility of LV systolic dysfunction.

Stress cardiomyopathy (Tako-Tsubo) associated with sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

We present a case of 38-year-old woman with stress cardiomyopathy presenting to the emergency department with a 1-week history of recurrent syncope due to sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without anatomical reverse remodeling does not affect defibrillation threshold.

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trials have documented beneficial reverse-remodeling effects with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CRT with or without reverse anatomical remodeling of the left ventricle on defibrillation threshold (DFT) levels in a prospective and consecutive group of patients with class II-IV systolic heart failure. METHODS: Study population consisted of 29 patients (14 women and 15 men; mean age 61±11 years old). All patients underwent baseline (within 24-hours of cardiac resynchronization therapy-defibrillator [CRT-D] implantation) and 6-month follow-up DFT testing. Reverse anatomical remodeling of the left ventricle was defined as ≥15% reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume at the end of 6 months of follow-up compared to baseline. RESULTS: Baseline, average DFT was 8.8±5.9 J. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was the only predictor of baseline DFT level (P=0.02) among the baseline demographics. Safety margin of at least 10 J was achieved in all patients. Average DFT at the end of 6 months of biventricular pacing was 9.2±6.9 J. One patient (3.4%) failed to have a safety margin of 10 J. Reverse anatomical remodeling was observed in 14 (48%) patients and did not have any effect on DFT level. There were no complications related to DFT testings. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline average DFT in patients undergoing CRT-D was ≤10 J in our study. CRT-D with or without anatomical reverse remodeling does not affect DFT at the end of 6 months of follow-up. High DFT level at the end of 6 months of follow-up is rare (3.4%) among patients with current CRT-D devices.

Reoperative off-pump right subclavian artery to right coronary artery bypass grafting without full sternotomy.

Stenosis or occlusion of a large right coronary artery or its vein grafts in symptomatic patients who underwent previous bypass grafting procedure with patent left-sided grafts is mostly managed by percutaneous interventions. When percutaneous interventions fail, it is a difficult decision to reoperate on a such patient for a single-vessel disease considering the risk of resternotomy. We present our technique which involves small anterior thoracotomy and partial sternotomy.

Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias: the incidence, clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics, and the predictors.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias in the form of monomorphic premature ventricular contractions (PVC) and/or ventricular tachycardia (VT) can cause tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TICMP). The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics, and the predictors of TICMP in patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS: Study population consisted of 249 consecutive patients (148 F/101 M, 45 ± 20 y/o) with frequent PVCs and/or VT. All patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography and 24-hour Holter monitoring. TICMP was defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤50% in the absence of any detectable underlying heart disease and improvement of LVEF ≥15% following effective treatment of index ventricular arrhythmia. RESULTS: Seventeen (6.8%) patients had TICMP. Patients with TICMP compared to patients with preserved LVEF were more likely to be male (65% vs 39%, P = 0.043) and asymptomatic (29% vs 9%, P = 0.018), and were more likely to have higher PVC burden (29.4 ± 9.2 vs 8.1 ± 7.4, P < 0.001), persistence of PVCs throughout the day (65% vs 22%, P = 0.001), and repetitive monomorphic VT (24% vs 0.9%, P < 0.001). PVC burden of 16% by ROC curve analysis best separated the patients with TICMP compared to patients with preserved LVEF (sensitivity 100%, specificity 87%, area under curve 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: TICMP was relatively common (∼1 in every 15 patients) in our study population. The predictors of TICMP were male gender, absence of symptoms, PVC burden of ≥16%, persistence of PVCs throughout the day, and the presence of repetitive monomorphic VT.

Assessment of cardiac remodeling in asymptomatic mitral regurgitation for surgery timing: a comparative study of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Early surgery is recommended for asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation (MR), because of increased postoperative left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with late surgery. On the other hand, recent reports emphasized a "watchful waiting" process for the determination of the proper time of mitral valve surgery. In our study, we compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate the LV and left atrial (LA) remodeling; for better definitions of patients that may benefit from early valve surgery. METHODS: Twenty-one patients with moderate to severe asymptomatic MR were evaluated by echocardiography and MRI. LA and LV ejection fractions (EFs) were calculated by echocardiography and MRI. Pulmonary veins (PVs) were measured from vein orifices in diastole and systole from the tangential of an imaginary circle that completed LA wall. Right upper PV indices were calculated with the formula; (Right upper PV diastolic diameter- Right upper PV systolic diameter)/Right upper PV diastolic diameter. RESULTS: In 9 patients there were mismatches between echocardiography and MRI measurements of LV EF. LV EFs were calculated > or = 60% by echocardiography, meanwhile < 60% by MRI in these 9 patients. Severity of MR evaluated by effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) didn't differ with preserved and depressed EFs by MRI (p > 0.05). However, both right upper PV indices (0.16 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.08, p: 0.024) and LA EFs (0.19 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.14, p: 0.025) were significantly decreased in patients with depressed EFs when compared to patients with normal EFs. CONCLUSIONS: MRI might be preferred when small changes in functional parameters like LV EF, LA EF, and PV index are of clinical importance to disease management like asymptomatic MR patients that we follow up for appropriate surgery timing.