Corrigendum to "Quantitative determination of multi-class bioactive constituents for quality assessment of ten Anoectochilus, four Goodyera and one Ludisia species in China" [Chinese Herbal Medicines 12 (2020) 430-439].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2020.07.002.].

Quantitative determination of multi-class bioactive constituents for quality assessment of ten Anoectochilus, four Goodyera and one Ludisia species in China.

Objective: To establish multi-class bioactive constituents' determination of ten Anoectochilus, four Goodyera and one Ludisia species, and provide reference for the improvement of their quality control. Methods: HPLC-ELSD and phenol-sulphuric acid methods were used for the quantitative determination of lactone glycosides (kinsenoside and its diastereoisomer, goodyeroside A) and polysaccharides, respectively, while an efficient iHPLC-MS/MS method was established for rapid determination of other minor constituents in ten Anoectochilus species and five related species. Results: The contents of kinsenoside, goodyeroside A, polysaccharides and flavonoids varied notably almost in all tested samples, including both wild plants and tissue cultures. In particular, kinsenoside was the major lactone glycoside in A. roxburghii, A. formosanus, A. xingrenensis, A. nandanensis, A. brevilabris and A. burmannicus, whereas goodyeroside A was the predominant constituent in A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus, A. zhejiangensis, G. schlechtendaliana, G. biflora, G. yangmeishanensi, G. repens and Ludisia discolor. Conclusion: Our present study suggested that A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus, A. zhejiangensis, Ludisia discolor and Goodyera species cannot be used as alternatives for A. roxburghii, and goodyeroside A may be reasonably used as a diagnostic marker for distinguishing A. roxburghii from A. lylei, A. longilobus, A. elatus and A. zhejiangensis, Goodyera and Ludisia species. The established method thus could be potentially used for the quality evaluation and control of Anoectochilus and some related species.

Cynanchum bungei Decne and its two related species for "Baishouwu": A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cynanchum bungei Decne. (CB) (Asclepiadaceae) and its two related species Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight. (CA) and Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsl. (CW) are well known Chinese herbal medicines known by the name Baishouwu. Among them, CB has long been used for nourishing the kidney and liver, strengthening the bones and muscles, and regulating stomachache. However, to date, no comprehensive review on Baishouwu has been published. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary on traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the three herbal components of Baishouwu with the ultimate objective of providing a guide for future scientific and therapeutic potential use of Baishouwu. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was undertaken on CB, CA and CW by analyzing the information from scientific databases (SciFinder, Pubmed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Baidu Scholar). Information was also gathered from local classic herbal literatures and conference papers on ethnopharmacology and the information provided in this review has been obtained from peer-reviewed papers. RESULTS: Comparative analysis of literature search indicate that ethnopharmacological use of CB was recorded in China, however, CA and CW have been used in China, Korea and Japan. To date, 151 chemical compounds have been isolated from these species, and the major chemical constituents have been revealed to be acetophenones, C21-steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. These compounds and extracts have been proven to exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective, antifungal, antiviral, anti-depressant, vasodilating and estrogenic activities. CONCLUSIONS: CB, CA and CW collectively known as Baishouwu are valuable medicinal herbs with multiple pharmacological activities. The traditional use for nourishing liver is closely associated with the hepatoprotective activity. The available literature performs that various of the activity of Baishouwu can be attributed to acetophenones and C21-steroids. It is high time that more efforts should be focused on the underlying mechanisms of their beneficial bioactivities and the structure activity relationship of the constituents, as well as their potential synergistic and antagonistic effects. The proper toxicology evaluation is crucial to guarantee the safety, efficacy, and eligibility for medical use. Further research on the comprehensive evaluation of medicinal quality and the understanding of multi-target network pharmacology of Baishouwu is in great request.