Methodological validation of sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation method for Adeno-Associated Virus and collaborative calibration of system suitability substance.

Currently, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is one of the primary gene delivery vectors in gene therapy, facilitating long-term in vivo gene expression. Despite being imperative, it is incredibly challenging to precisely assess AAV particle distribution according to the sedimentation coefficient and identify impurities related to capsid structures. This study performed the systematic methodological validation of quantifying the AAV empty and full capsid ratio. This includes specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, and parameter variables involving the sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) method. Specifically, SV-AUC differentiated among the empty, partial, full, and High Sedimentation Coefficient Substance (HSCS) AAV particles while evaluating their sedimentation heterogeneity. The intermediate precision analysis of HE (high percentage of empty capsid) and HF( high percentage of full capsid) samples revealed that the specific species percentage, such as empty or full, was more significant than 50%. Moreover, the RSD (relative standard deviation) could be within 5%. Even for empty or partial less than 15%, the RSD could be within 10%. The accuracy recovery rates of empty capsid were between 103.9% and 108.7% across three different mixtures. When the measured percentage of specific species was more significant than 14%, the recovery rate was between 77.9% and 106.6%. Linearity analysis revealed an excellent linear correlation between the empty, partial, and full in the HE samples. The AAV samples with as low as 7.4×1011 cp/mL AAV could be accurately quantified with SV-AUC. The parameter variable analyses revealed that variations in cell alignment significantly affected the overall results. Still, the detection wavelength of 235nm slightly influenced the empty, partial, and full percentages. Minor detection wavelength changes showed no impact on the sedimentation coefficient of these species. However, the temperature affected the measured sedimentation coefficient. These results validated the SV-AUC method to quantify AAV. This study provides solutions to AAV empty and full capsid ratio quantification challenges and the subsequent basis for calibrating the AAV empty capsid system suitability substance. Due to the AAV structure and potential variability complexity in detection, we jointly calibrated empty capsid system suitability substance with three laboratories to accurately detect the quantitative AAV empty and full capsid ratio. The empty capsid system suitability substance could be used as an external reference to measure the performance of the instrument. The results could be compared with multiple QC (quality control)laboratories based on the AAV vector and calibration accuracy. This is crucial for AUC to be used for QC release and promote gene therapy research worldwide.

Detection of ribophagy in yeast and mammals.

Ribophagy, the cellular process wherein ribosomes are selectively self-digested through autophagy, plays a pivotal role in maintaining ribosome turnover. Understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms governing ribophagy is pivotal to uncover its significance. Consequently, the establishment of methods for detecting ribophagy becomes important. In this protocol, we have optimized, enriched, and advanced existing ribophagy detection techniques, including immunoblotting, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to precisely monitor and quantify ribophagic events. Particularly noteworthy is the introduction of TEM technology for yeast ribophagy detection. In summary, the delineated methods are applicable for detecting ribophagy in both yeast and mammals, laying a solid foundation for further exploring the physiological importance of ribophagy and its potential implications in diverse cellular environments.

FAT10 mediates the sorafenib-resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by stabilizing E3 ligase NEDD4 to enhance PTEN/AKT pathway-induced autophagy.

Although sorafenib is the first-line therapeutic agent for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the development of drug resistance in HCC cells limits its clinical efficacy. However, the key factors involved in mediating the sorafenib resistance of HCC cells and the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, we generated sorafenib-resistant HCC cell lines, and our data demonstrate that HLA-F locus-adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), a ubiquitin-like protein, is markedly upregulated in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and that reducing the expression of FAT10 in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells increases sensitivity to sorafenib. Mechanistically, FAT10 stabilizes the expression of the PTEN-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 that causes downregulation of PTEN, thereby inducing AKT-mediated autophagy and promoting the resistance of HCC cells to sorafenib. Moreover, we screened the small molecule Compound 7695-0983, which increases the sensitivity of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells to sorafenib by inhibiting the expression of FAT10 to inhibit NEDD4-PTEN/AKT axis-mediated autophagy. Collectively, our preclinical findings identify FAT10 as a key factor in the sorafenib resistance of HCC cells and elucidate its underlying mechanism. This study provides new mechanistic insight for the exploitation of novel sorafenib-based tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-targeted drugs for treating advanced HCC.

Effect of Pilates combined with pelvic floor muscle training on continence of post-prostatectomy incontinence in patients with different body mass index.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence symptoms severely affect older people with different body mass index (BMI).To compare the efficacy of the pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in patients with post-prostatectomy incontinence with different BMI. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients with post-prostatectomy incontinence were included. They were divided into group A (BMI ≤ 25,12), group B (26 ≤ BMI ≤ 30,14), and group C (BMI ≥ 31,11) based on difference BMI. Three groups of patients underwent the same Pilates combined with kegel training. Participants were assessed with 1-hour pad test, the number of incontinence episodes, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire and Oxford Grading Scale. RESULTS: In the 1-hour pad test, the differences before and after training were statistically significant in all three groups of participants. Group A decreased from 81.83 ± 8.79 to 31.08 ± 5.64 g (P < 0.01). Group B decreased from 80.57 ± 8.87 to 35.85 ± 5.66 g (P < 0.01). Group C decreased from 83.55 ± 10.24 to 40.18 ± 7.01 g (P < 0.01). The number of incontinent episodes in group A decreased from 9.33 ± 1.07 to 3.25 ± 0.62 (P < 0.01). Group B decreased from 8.86 ± 1.09 to 3.79 ± 0.80 (P < 0.01). Group C decreased from 9.27 ± 1.10 to 4.09 ± 0.70 (P < 0.01). The correlation between the three groups of participants and the 1-hour pad test, with an R2 of 0.51. The correlation between the three groups of participants and the number of urinary incontinence episodes with a R2 of 0.43. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic floor muscle training can affect the recovery of urinary continence in patients with different BMI. Maintaining a lower BMI can be beneficial for improving urinary control. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Date of trial registration: November 27, 2023.

Effects of coronary artery disease in patients with permanent left bundle branch area pacing: A retrospective study.

Aims: Myocardial ischemia can affect traditional right ventricular (RV) pacing parameters, but it is unclear whether coronary artery disease (CAD) impact the pacing parameters and electrophysiological characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) as a physiological pacing representative. Methods: Patients who underwent coronary angiography (CAG) after/before the LBBaP procedure and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention after LBBaP procedure were divided into CAD group and Non-CAD group according to visual CAG. Pacing parameters and electrophysiological characteristics were recorded at LBBaP implantation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was implemented to evaluate the association between CAD and higher capture threshold. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify result stability. Results: A total of 176 patients met inclusion criteria (115 Non-CAD patients and 61 CAD patients) with a mean age of 71.1 ± 9.0 years. Compared with the Non-CAD patients, CAD patients had the higher capture threshold (0.67 ± 0.22 V vs. 0.82 ± 0.28 V, P < 0.001) and lower R-wave amplitude (12.5 ± 4.8 mV vs. 10.1 ± 2.7 mV, P = 0.001). Moreover, CAD was independently associated with higher capture threshold (adjusted Odds ratio (OR) 3.418, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.621-7.206, P = 0.001), which was further validated through sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Patients without CAD might have safer pacing parameters in the LBBaP procedure. Besides, CAD might be the risk factor of capture threshold increase during permanent LBBaP implantation.

Intelligent multicast routing method based on multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in SDWN.

Multicast communication technology is widely applied in wireless environments with a high device density. Traditional wireless network architectures have difficulty flexibly obtaining and maintaining global network state information and cannot quickly respond to network state changes, thus affecting the throughput, delay, and other QoS requirements of existing multicasting solutions. Therefore, this paper proposes a new multicast routing method based on multiagent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL-MR) in a software-defined wireless networking (SDWN) environment. First, SDWN technology is adopted to flexibly configure the network and obtain network state information in the form of traffic matrices representing global network links information, such as link bandwidth, delay, and packet loss rate. Second, the multicast routing problem is divided into multiple subproblems, which are solved through multiagent cooperation. To enable each agent to accurately understand the current network state and the status of multicast tree construction, the state space of each agent is designed based on the traffic and multicast tree status matrices, and the set of AP nodes in the network is used as the action space. A novel single-hop action strategy is designed, along with a reward function based on the four states that may occur during tree construction: progress, invalid, loop, and termination. Finally, a decentralized training approach is combined with transfer learning to enable each agent to quickly adapt to the dynamic changes of network link information and accelerate convergence. Simulation experiments show that MADRL-MR outperforms existing algorithms in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss rate, etc., and can establish more intelligent multicast routes. Code and model are available at https://github.com/GuetYe/MADRL-MR_code.

Relationship between family risk factors and adolescent mental health. / å®¶åº­é£Žé™©å› ç´ ä¸Žé’å°‘å¹´å¿ƒç†å¥åº·ä¹‹é—´çš„å ³ç³».

OBJECTIVES: Family risk factors are crucial to adolescent mental health. Few studies have investigated the complex relationship between family risk factors and adolescent mental health. This study aims to investigate the complex relationship between family cumulative risk (FCR) and adolescent mental health, and to clarify the factors contributing to adolescent mental health problems. METHODS: This study recruited 903 junior high school students and 991 senior high school students in Changsha, Hunan and was conducted through an offline computer-based questionnaire survey using the Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS) and the Family Cumulative Risk Questionnaire (FCRQ) to assess the mental health status and FCR factors, respectively. Statistical analyses were conducted to clarify the demographic factors influencing MSSMHS total and factor scores, and to analyze the relationship between FCRQ and MSSMHS total and factor scores. RESULTS: Females exhibited more mental health problems than males in various MSSMHS factors (all P<0.05); adolescents were prone to different mental health problems at different stages (junior high school first-grade vs. senior high school first-grade); senior high school first-grade students were more likely to experience academic pressure and maladjustment than junior high school first-grade students (P<0.01), and junior high school first-grade students were more likely to exhibit obsessive, paranoia, and hostility symptoms than senior high school first-grade students (all P<0.01); adolescents with low family intimacy and high family conflict reported more symptoms in every dimension of MSSMHS (all P<0.05); adolecents with poor parent-child separation reported higher obsessive-compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, academic pressure, maladjustment, emotional instability, and unbalanced mind than those with good parent-child separation (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Female, low family intimacy, high family conflict, and poor parent-child separation are risk factors of adolescent mental health problems. Higher-grade middle school students are prone to exhibit academic pressure and maladjustment, while lower-grade middle school students are prone to exhibit obsessive, paranoia, and hostility symptoms.

TOR-mediated Ypt1 phosphorylation regulates autophagy initiation complex assembly.

The regulation of autophagy initiation is a key step in autophagosome biogenesis. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the stepwise assembly of ATG proteins during this process remains incomplete. The Rab GTPase Ypt1/Rab1 is recognized as an essential autophagy regulator. Here, we identify Atg23 and Atg17 as binding partners of Ypt1, with their direct interaction proving crucial for the stepwise assembly of autophagy initiation complexes. Disruption of Ypt1-Atg23 binding results in significantly reduced Atg9 interactions with Atg11, Atg13, and Atg17, thus preventing the recruitment of Atg9 vesicles to the phagophore assembly site (PAS). Likewise, Ypt1-Atg17 binding contributes to the PAS recruitment of Ypt1 and Atg1. Importantly, we found that Ypt1 is phosphorylated by TOR at the Ser174 residue. Converting this residue to alanine blocks Ypt1 phosphorylation by TOR and enhances autophagy. Conversely, the Ypt1S174D phosphorylation mimic impairs both PAS recruitment and activation of Atg1, thus inhibiting subsequent autophagy. Thus, we propose TOR-mediated Ypt1 as a multifunctional assembly factor that controls autophagy initiation via its regulation of the stepwise assembly of ATG proteins.

Triterpenoids with diverse skeletons from the roots of Rhus chinensis and their protective effects on isoproterenol-induced heart failure in zebrafish.

In the ongoing quest to discover previously unreported lead compounds that provide protection against heart failure (HF), ten formerly undescribed (1-10) and nine known (11-19) triterpenoids were obtained from the roots of Rhus chinensis Mill. The isolated triterpenoids exhibited distinct skeletal types, including rare 17-epi-dammarane (1, 6, 7, 11, and 12), conventional dammarane (2-5, 8, and 9), oleanane (10 and 13-17) and lupane (18 and 19). Their structures were elucidated via a comprehensive analysis of the HRESIMS, NMR, and ECD data, as well as quantum chemical calculations of NMR parameters. Notably, compounds 1-5, 10-15, and 19 possessed an unusual 3,19 (or 25)-hemiketal structure bridging over ring A, while the remaining compounds were classified as 3-oxotriterpenoids. The skeletal diversity observed in these compounds was further elaborated from a biosynthetic perspective. Subsequently, the protective effects of fourteen compounds (1, 3, 4, 6-9, 11-14, and 16-18) against HF were evaluated using zebrafish models of isoproterenol-induced HF at a concentration of 1 µg/mL. Remarkably, all fourteen compounds significantly ameliorated pericardial edema, with five compounds (3, 6, 11, 14, and 16) also attenuating impaired cardiac output (CO), and eight compounds (1, 3, 4, 7-9, 14, and 16) inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Notably, certain compounds even restored the impaired pericardium and CO to near-normal levels. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of triterpenoids derived from R. chinensis as promising agents for the treatment of HF.

[Isolation and quantification of a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid rhuslactone from roots of Rhus chinensis and its preventive effects on coronary heart disease and thrombosis in zebrafish].

Based on mass spectrometry(MS)-guided separation strategy, compound 1 was obtained from the roots of Rhus chinensis. By comprehensive analysis of high resolution-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry(HR-ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) data, and quantum chemical calculation of NMR(qcc-NMR) parameters, compound 1 was elucidated as rhuslactone, a 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid with a rare 17α-side chain. An HPLC-ELSD method for its quantification in R. chinensis was established and adopted for the quantification of rhuslactone in different batches of R. chinensis. Rhuslactone displayed a good linear relationship within the range of 0.021 3-1.07 µmol·mL~(-1 )(r=0.997 6), and the average recovery was 99.34% [relative standard deviation(RSD) 2.9%). Moreover, the results of the evaluation test of the preventive effects of rhusalctone on coronary heart disease(CHD) and thrombosis showed that rhuslactone(0.11 nmol·mL~(-1)) significantly alleviated heart enlargement and venous congestion and increased cardiac output(CO), blood flow velocity(BFV), and heart rate, thereby reducing thrombus formation in zebrafish with CHD. The effects of rhuslactone on CO and BFV were superior to that of digoxin(1.02 nmol·mL~(-1)), and its effect on improving heart rate was comparable to that of digoxin. This study provides experimental references for the isolation, identification, quality control, and application of rhuslactone from R. chinensis against CHD. It is worth mentioning that this study has discussed some omissions in the determination of the stereochemistry of C-17 in dammarane triterpenoids in the present coursebook Chemistry of Chinese Medicine and some research papers, that is, the compound may be 17-epi-dammarane triterpenoid. This paper has also proposed steps for the establishment of C-17 stereochemistry.

Postoperative subacute static progressive stretch does not increase the risk of distal lower limb venous thromboembolism.

PURPOSE: Static progressive stretch (SPS) can be applied to treat chronic joint stiffness. However, the impacts of subacute application of SPS to the distal lower limbs, where deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is common, on venous thromboembolism remain unclear. This study aims to explore the risk of venous thromboembolism events following subacute application of SPS. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients diagnosed with DVT following a lower extremity orthopedic surgery before being transferred to the rehabilitation ward from May 2017 to May 2022. Patients with unilateral lower limb comminuted para-articular fractures, transferred to rehabilitation ward for further treatment within 3 weeks after operation, followed up more than 12 weeks since initial manual physiotherapy, and diagnosed DVT by ultrasound before rehabilitation course were included in the study. Patients with polytrauma, without evidence of previous peripheral vascular disease or incompetence, had medication for thrombosis treatment or prophylaxis before the operation, detected with paralysis due to nervous system impairment, infected after operation during the regime, or with acute progression of DVT were excluded. The included patients were randomized to the standard physiotherapy and the SPS integrated groups for observation. Associated DVT and pulmonary embolism data were collected during the physiotherapy course to compare the groups. SSPS 28.0 and GraphPad Prism 9 were used for data processing. A p < 0.05 was set significant difference. RESULTS: In total of 154 patients with DVT participating in this study, 75 of them were treated with additional SPS for postoperative rehabilitation. The participants in the SPS group showed improved range of motion (12.3° ± 6.7°). However, in the SPS group, there was no difference in thrombosis volume between the start and termination (p = 0.106, p = 0.787, respectively), although difference was seen intra-therapy (p < 0.001). Contingency analysis revealed the pulmonary embolism incidence (OR = 0.703) in the SPS group compared to the mean physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: The SPS technique is a safe and reliable option to prevent potential joint stiffness without aggravating the risk of distal DVT for postoperative patients suffering from relevant trauma.

Buyang Huanwu Decoction Ameliorates Damage of Erectile Tissue and Function Following Bilateral Cavernous Nerve Injury.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the effect of Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) in ameliorating erectile dysfunction (ED) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS: The composition of BHD was verified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) analysis. Bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury (BCNI) in rats was used to mimic the neurovascular injury occurring after RP. By the envelope method, forty rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: sham (cavernous nerves exposed only), model (BCNI), low-dosage BHD [LBHD, 12.8 g/(kg·d)], and high-dosage BHD [HBHD, 51.2 g/(kg·d)] groups, 10 rats in each group, feeding for 3 weeks respectively. Erectile function was evaluated by measuring intracavernosal pressure (ICP). Changes in the histopathology of corpus cavernosum (CC) were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Meanwhile, the fibrosis of CC was measured by Masson's trichrome staining and Western blot was used to detect the expressions of collagen I, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- ß 1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Apoptosis index was detected by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Western blot for determining the expressions of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax). The oxidative stress in the CC were assessed by the superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The proteins expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun were detected by Western blot. In addition, the expression of α-SMA and p-c-Jun in the CC was observed by double immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: The UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that BHD contained calycosin-7-O- ß -D-glucoside, ononin, calycosin and formononetin. Compared with the model group, LBHD and HBHD treatment improved the ICP and the circumference, area, and weight of CC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, LBHD and HBHD treatments increased CC smooth muscle content and decreased apoptosis index (P<0.05 or P<0.01). LBHD and HBHD also elevated SOD and expression level of α -SMA and Bcl-2, and reduced MDA and ROS levels, as well as expression of TGF- ß 1, collagen I, Bax, p-c-JNK, p-JNK in the CC compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The double immunofluorescence staining showed that the fluorescence degree of p-c-Jun in both LBHD and HBHD treatment groups was significantly reduced, whereas the α -SMA expression increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: BHD can improve ED of rats with BCNI, which is related to inhibiting fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress of CC. The ROS/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway may play an important role in the process.

Estimation of the soil arsenic concentration using a geographically weighted XGBoost model based on hyperspectral data.

Considering the high toxicity of arsenic (As), its contamination of soil represents an alarming environmental and public health issue. Existing soil heavy metal concentration estimation models based on hyperspectral data ignore the spatial nonstationarity of the relationship between the soil spectrum and heavy metal concentration. A novel model (geographically weighted eXtreme gradient boosting or GW-XGBoost model) combining geographically weighted regression (GWR) method with XGBoost algorithm was proposed. The northeast district of Beijing, China, was chosen as a case study area to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model. The GW-XGBoost model was established to estimate the As concentration based on the typical spectrum of As and the spatial correlation between the spectrum and As concentration obtained using the GWR method, and the result was compared to that obtained with the XGBoost and GWR models. The accuracy of the GW-XGBoost model was obviously better than that of the other models (R2GW-XGBoost = 0.90, R2XGBoost = 0.48, and R2GWR = 0.74). Therefore, the proposed model is reliable, as it considers the spatial correlation between the spectrum and As concentration.

Leaf Photosynthesis and Its Temperature Response Are Different between Growth Stages and N Supplies in Rice Plants.

Leaf photosynthesis is highly correlated with CO2-diffusion capacities, which are determined by both leaf anatomical traits and environmental stimuli. In the present study, leaf photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and the related leaf anatomical traits were studied on rice plants at two growth stages and with two different N supplies, and the response of photosynthesis to temperature (T) was also studied. We found that gm was significantly higher at mid-tillering stage and at high N treatment. The larger gm was related to a larger chloroplast surface area facing intercellular air spaces and a thinner cell wall in comparison with booting stage and zero N treatment. At mid-tillering stage and at high N treatment, gm showed a stronger temperature response. The modelling of the gm-T relationships suggested that, in comparison with booting stage and zero N treatment, the stronger temperature response of gm was related to the higher activation energy of the membrane at mid-tillering stage and at high N treatment. The findings in the present study can enhance our knowledge on the physiological and environmental determinants of photosynthesis.

Effect of fermented corn by-products on production performance, blood biochemistry, and egg quality indices of laying hens.

Residual wastes can be fermented by using probiotics to formulate a well-balanced diet for poultry. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented feed (FF) formulated by the supplementation of probiotics into corn by-products, on the production performance of laying hens. A total of 468 49-wk-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were randomly allocated into four treatments with 3 replicates, control group (basal diet), group I (4% FF, w/w), group II (8% FF, w/w), and antibiotic group (flavomycin, 50 mg/kg). Laying hens were housed in 3-tier cages (28 × 48 cm × 48 cm) and the temperature was maintained at 21 °C. The birds were fed 4.56 kg of feed to each group twice a day. Compared with the control group, the egg production and feed intake in the FF groups increased significantly. Egg weight in group I was higher than that of group II and antibiotic (P < 0.01) while that in group II was lower than control (P < 0.05). The feed-to-egg ratio of FF groups compared with control was decreased (P < 0.05). Eggshell strength and egg shape index in group II were decreased significantly when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Yolk color, albumen height (AH), and Haugh unit (HU) in FF groups were improved compared with the control group and antibiotic group (P < 0.01). Yolk triglyceride level was significantly reduced in group II, compared with group I. These results indicated that the FF has no adverse effects and has beneficial effects on production performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens.

Feed costs the major portion of poultry industry which is estimated to be 60% to 70%. The current study focused to add the fermented agro-industrial by product most of which were waste residues to the laying hen's diet. The result showed beneficial effects, which proved that fermentation is a good method to improve the nutritional quality of feed raw materials, which is beneficial to the gastrointestinal health of the poultry. The study elaborated the potential of waste residues to be used as a kind of functional feed ingredient, which can enhanced the production parameters and egg quality indices of poultry.

Review of the Forel-Ule Index based on in situ and remote sensing methods and application in water quality assessment.

Water pollution is considered an acute worldwide environmental issue. At present, the commonly adopted method of water quality characterisation involves the retrieval of optically active water quality parameters based on remote sensing reflectance (Rrs), but this method is subject to the limitation that understanding local scatter and absorption characteristics of light is essential to precisely derive these parameters. Water colour primarily depends on water constituents and is traditionally gauged with the Forel-Ule (FU) scale. In recent years, Rrs within the visible region has been considered to determine the Forel-Ule Index (FUI) for water colour measurement. The FUI exhibits the advantages of remote sensing and does not rely on local retrieval algorithms. Therefore, this index can characterise natural waters in a simple and globally effective manner. As there exists a lack of review articles on the FUI, we present a comprehensive review of this index that may help researchers progress. First, we introduce the most recent techniques for FUI measurement, especially remote sensing-deriving methods. Then, we summarise FUI applications in water quality assessment of oceans and inland waters. Finally, FUI development trends, challenges and application perspectives are examined.

Gastrointestinal symptoms are associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Studies have suggested that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appears to be more serious in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. This meta-analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between gastrointestinal symptoms and the severity of COVID-19. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Embase, and Google Scholar on 16 October 2020, to identify observational studies that provided data on gastrointestinal symptoms and severity of COVID-19. Gastrointestinal symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The severe rate and the odds ratio (OR) were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: A total of 21 studies with 5285 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The severe rate of COVID-19 patients with diarrhea was 41.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 31.0-51.5%], and the OR of association between diarrhea and severe COVID-19 was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.05-1.89); sensitivity analysis showed that the results for the OR and 95% CI were unstable. For abdominal pain, the severe rate and OR of association with severe COVID-19 were 59.3% (95% CI: 41.3-76.4%) and 2.76 (95% CI: 1.59-4.81), respectively; for nausea, 41.4% (95% CI: 23.2-60.7%) and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.59-1.43), respectively; for vomiting, 51.3% (95% CI: 36.8-65.8%) and 1.68 (95% CI: 0.97-2.92), respectively. CONCLUSION: The severe rate was more than 40% in COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Abdominal pain was associated with a near 2.8-fold increased risk of severe COVID-19; the relationship between diarrhea and the severity of COVID-19 was regionally different; nausea and vomiting were limited in association with an increased risk of severe COVID-19.

High Leaf Vein Density Promotes Leaf Gas Exchange by Enhancing Leaf Hydraulic Conductance in Oryza sativa L. Plants.

Six cultivated rice genotypes showing different stomatal conductance (g s) values were used to investigate the influence of leaf vein traits on leaf gas exchange and leaf hydraulics. The results showed that g s was the main determinant of the varietal difference in the net photosynthetic rate (P N), whereas the area-based leaf nitrogen content (Narea) and mesophyll conductance (g m) were not main factors. g s and P N were both positively correlated with leaf hydraulic conductance (K leaf). A high density of leaf veins (vein length per leaf area, VLA), especially minor leaf veins (VLAminor), was of benefit for improving the K leaf. The proportion of the minor leaf vein length to the total leaf vein length did not impact the leaf hydraulics or leaf gas exchange. Overall, these findings suggested that a high density of leaf veins, especially minor leaf veins, enhances K leaf and promotes g s and P N in cultivated rice genotypes and a high VLA can be regarded as a high photosynthetic capacity trait in rice plants.