ABSTRACT
The origin of cancers is associated with etiology as well as therapeutics. Several studies reveal that malignancies in children can originate in utero. However, a diagnostic approach to distinguish between cancers initiated pre- or postnatally is absent. Here we identified a transcriptional factor FEV (fifth Ewing variant) that was expressed in fetal hematopoietic cells and became silent after birth. We characterized that FEV was essential for the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). We next found that FEV was expressed in most infant leukemia samples, but seldom in adult samples, in accord with the known prenatal origins of the former. We further determined the majority of pediatric acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were FEV positive. Moreover, FEV knockdown markedly impaired the leukemia-propagating ability of leukemic stem cells. We therefore identified FEV is unique to fetal HSCs and stably expressed in leukemic cells of prenatal origin. It may also provide a tractable therapeutic target.
Subject(s)
DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis , Fetal Diseases/diagnosis , Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism , Leukemia/etiology , Nuclear Proteins/analysis , Animals , Cells, Cultured , DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis , Female , Fetal Diseases/metabolism , Gene Expression , Heterografts , Humans , Leukemia/diagnosis , Leukemia/metabolism , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute , Mice , Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Pregnancy , Transcription FactorsABSTRACT
The WRKY family is one of the most important transcription factor families in plants, involved in the regulation of a broad range of biological roles. The recent releases of whole-genome sequences of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) allow us to perform a genome-wide identification and characterization of the WRKY family. In this study, 61 CaWRKY proteins were identified in the pepper genome. Based on protein structural and phylogenetic analyses, these proteins were classified into four main groups (I, II, III, and NG), and Group II was further divided into five subgroups (IIa to IIe). Chromosome mapping analysis indicated that CaWRKY genes are distributed across all 12 chromosomes, although the location of four CaWRKYs (CaWRKY58-CaWRKY61) could not be identified. Two pairs of CaWRKYs located on chromosome 01 appear to be tandem duplications. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree showed a close evolutionary relationship of WRKYs in three species from Solanaceae. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis of CaWRKYs will provide rich resources for further functional studies in pepper.
Subject(s)
Capsicum/genetics , Computer Simulation , Genes, Plant , Multigene Family , Plant Proteins/genetics , Transcription Factors/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Chromosomes, Plant/genetics , Conserved Sequence/genetics , Exons/genetics , Gene Duplication/genetics , Introns/genetics , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Solanum tuberosum/genetics , Transcription Factors/chemistry , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus is one of the main diseases affecting tomato production worldwide. Previous studies have shown that Ty-2 is an important resistance gene located between molecular markers C2_At2g28250 (82.3 cM) and T0302 (89.0 cM), and exhibits strong resistance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Asia. In this study, Ty-2 candidate genes were subjected to bioinformatic analysis for the sequenced tomato genome. We identified 69 genes between molecular markers C2_At2g28250 and T0302, 22 of which were disease-related resistant genes, including nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat disease resistance genes, protease genes (protein kinase, kinase receptor, and protein isomerase), cytochromes, and transcription factors. Expressed sequence tag analysis revealed that 77.3% (17/22) of candidate disease-resistance genes were expressed, involving 143 expressed sequence tags. Based on full-length cDNA sequence analysis, 7 candidate genes were found, 4 of which were involved in tomato responses to pathogens. Microarray expression analysis also showed that most candidate genes were involved in the tomato responses to multiple pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. RNA-seq expression analysis revealed that all candidate genes participated in tomato growth and development.
Subject(s)
Chromosome Mapping , Computer Simulation , Disease Resistance/genetics , Genes, Plant , Plant Diseases/genetics , Solanum lycopersicum/genetics , Solanum lycopersicum/virology , Begomovirus/physiology , DNA, Complementary/genetics , Expressed Sequence Tags , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genetic Association Studies , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Plant Diseases/virology , Sequence Analysis, RNAABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to analyze the genetic diversity of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Representative TYLCV sequences were searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Comprehensive analysis of TYLCV was performed using bioinformatics by examining gene structure, sequence alignments, phylogeny, GC content, and homology. Forty-eight representative TYLCV sequences were selected from 48 regions in 29 countries. The results showed that all TYLCV sequences were 2752-2794 nucleotides in length, which encoded 6 open reading frames (AV1, AV2, AC1, AC2, AC3, and AC4). GC content ranged from 0.41-0.42. Sequence alignment showed a number of insertions and deletions within these TYLCV sequences. Phylogenetic tree results revealed that the sequences were divided into 10 classes; homology of the sequences ranged from 72.8 to 98.6%. All 48 sequences contained the typical structure of TYLCV, including open reading frames and intergenic regions. These results provide a theoretical basis for the identification and evolution of the virus in the future.
Subject(s)
Begomovirus/genetics , Genetic Variation , Solanum lycopersicum/virology , Base Composition/genetics , Base Sequence , Begomovirus/isolation & purification , Conserved Sequence , Phylogeny , Sequence Homology, Nucleic AcidABSTRACT
The first measurement of the three-body photodisintegration of longitudinally polarized (3)He with a circularly polarized γ-ray beam was carried out at the High Intensity γ-ray Source facility located at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory. The spin-dependent double-differential cross sections and the contributions from the three-body photodisintegration to the (3)He Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integrand are presented and compared with state-of-the-art three-body calculations at the incident photon energies of 12.8 and 14.7 MeV. The data reveal the importance of including the Coulomb interaction between protons in three-body calculations.
ABSTRACT
On the basis of oscillation conditions of simultaneous multiple-wavelength lasing that we have established, a larger-energy (1079.5 and 1341.4 nm) dual-wavelength Nd:YAlO(3) pulsed laser has been developed. Output energies of 3.71 and 1.39 J with efficiencies of 1.29% and 0.48% for the 1341.4-and 1079.5-nm wavelengths, respectively, have been achieved. To our knowledge, this is the best result among simultaneous dual-wavelength solid-state lasers to date. The temporal and spatial distributions of these beams obtained from a free-running dual-wavelength Nd:YAlO3 pulsed laser have also been measured. Experimental results show that the temporal and spatial overlap of the two beams is quite good for this type of laser.
