ABSTRACT
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are the largest family of enzymes in plant and play multifarious roles in development and defense but the available information about the CYP superfamily in citrus is very limited. Here we provide a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the CYP superfamily in Citrus clementina genome, identifying 301 CYP genes grouped into ten clans and 49 families. The characteristics of both gene structures and motif compositions strongly supported the reliability of the phylogenetic relationship. Duplication analysis indicated that tandem duplication was the major driving force of expansion for this superfamily. Promoter analysis revealed numerous cis-acting elements related to various responsiveness. RNA-seq data elucidated their expression patterns in citrus fruit peel both during development and in response to UV-B. Furthermore, we characterize a UV-B-induced CYP gene (Ciclev10019637m, designated CitF3'H) as a flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase for the first time. CitF3'H catalyzed numerous flavonoids and favored naringenin in yeast assays. Virus-induced silencing of CitF3'H in citrus seedlings significantly reduced the levels of 3'-hydroxylated flavonoids and their derivatives. These results together with the endoplasmic reticulum-localization of CitF3'H in plant suggest that this enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of 3'-hydroxylated flavonoids in citrus. Taken together, our findings provide extensive information about the CYP superfamily in citrus and contribute to further functional verification.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiology data on plague in five counties in Zhejiang province and to evaluate the risk of plague in theses areas. METHODS: We selected five monitoring stations as a risk assessment (Qingyuan county, Longquan city, Yiwu city, Wencheng county, and Ruian city) in Zhejiang province where the plague epidemic more serious in the history. At least one constant site and 1-4 variable sites where plague occurred in history were selected for monitoring. We collected the five counties (cities) surveillance data of indoor rat density, indoor Rattus flavipectus density, the Xenopsylla cheopis index of rat, the Xenopsylla cheopis index of Rattus flavipectus in 1995-2014. Isolation of Yersinia pestis was conducted among 171,201 liver samples and F1 antibody were detected among 228,775 serum samples. Risk matrix, Borda count method, and Delphi approach were conducted to assess risk of the plague of five counties (cities) in Zhejiang province. RESULTS: Indoor rat density in Qingyuan county, Longquan city, Yiwu city, Wencheng county, Ruian city was 1.58%-5.50%, 1.13%-9.76%, 0.56%-3.67%, 2.83%-16.08%, 7.16%-15.96%, respectively; Indoor Rattus flavipectus density of five counties (cities) was 0.08%-2.23%, 0-2.02%, 0-0.54%, 0.71%-5.58%, 0.55%-4.92%, respectively. The Xenopsylla cheopis index of rat in Qingyuan county and Wencheng county was 0.011-0.500 and 0.015-0.227, respectively; The Xenopsylla cheopis index of Rattus flavipectus of Qingyuan county and Wencheng county was 0.119-3.412 and 0.100-1.430, respectively; Ruian City and Yiwu city cannot collected Xenopsylla cheopis, Long quan city only collected the Xenopsylla cheopis index of rat in the five years. Yersinia pestis were not isolated in five counties (cities).There were 3 Apodemus agrarius samples positive of plague F1 antibody test, in Longquan city and Yiwu city in 2005. Borda count method to assess the Longquan city, Yiwu (Borda point were both 321) plague risk was higher than three other regions; Delphi approach to evaluation five counties (cities) belong to the plague had a lower risk areas, according to the level of risk score (Pf) Longquan city and Yiwu (Pf was 0.314, 0.292, respectively) plague risk were higher than three other regions (Pf were all 0.292). CONCLUSION: The main host and media were lower in five key plague surveillance counties (cities) of Zhejiang province; The result of Borda count method and Delphi approach for risk assessment indicated that endogenous plague recrudescence was at lower level, but Longquan city and Yiwu city risk were higher than other counties (cities).
Subject(s)
Epidemics , Epidemiological Monitoring , Plague , Risk Assessment , Yersinia pestis , Animals , Cities , Humans , Murinae , RatsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Experimental and clinical evidence links tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic potential with neoangiogenesis. This process is modulated by several angiogenic growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). Few data are currently available on serum level in patients with gynaecological malignant tumors. This study was designed to determine the serum VEGF level in the patients with gynaecological malignant tumors and its significance as a tumor marker. MATERIAL & METHODS: Preoperative serum VEGF level were measured in 50 cervical cancer, 39 endometrial cancer, 89 ovarian cancer patients, and 80 normal healthy women; The serum VEGF levels were also measured in 3, 6, 9 months after operation and when recurrence in three curative resection patients with ovarian cancer; using commercially available enzymelinked immonosarbent assay (R & D systems Inc. Minneapolis, MN, USA). Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS9.0 software package. Using 5th and 95th percentage describe the variant degree. RESULTS: The median level of VEGF in sera of 80 healthy women was 218.50 ng/L(42.06-671.70 ng/L), while in 50 cervical cancer, 39 endometrial cancer, and 89 ovarian cancer patients were 272.00 ng/L(91.94-745.53 ng/L), 383.50 ng/L(105.67-776.50 ng/L), and 479.85 ng/L (99.47-1326.88 ng/L), respectively. The VEGF levels in endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer patients were significantly higher than that in healthy women (P < 0.0001). But in cervical cancer patients the VEGF level, was not significant diffent compare with health wanen. After operation, 3, 6, 9 months the VEGF levels in 3 ovarian cancer patients were significantly lower than that of preoperative but it ascended again when the disease was recurrent 14, 17 months later in two cases. The VEGF level was significantly higher in advanced ovarian cancer patients (stage III-IV) than that in the early stage (stage I-II) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The serum level of the VEGF may be used as a new tumor marker of endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer, for diagnoses and monitoring the progress of the disease.
