ABSTRACT
An intensive observation of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out in Hangzhou, a key city in the Yangtze River Delta, during a typical photochemical pollution episode from September 14-23, 2018. The analysis results of 80 effective samples showed that the average concentration of 122 compounds of VOCs was (59.5±19.8)×10-9 during the observation period, and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the most abundant component. The assessment results of atmospheric reaction activity with ozone formation potential (OFP) showed that the average value of OFP was 145×10-9 during the observation period, of which alkenes and carbonyl compounds were the most abundant components. The chemical reactivity of VOCs in Hangzhou was equivalent to acrylonitrile. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, five major sources of VOCs in Hangzhou were identified, including secondary formation (25.2%), combustion and industrial processing (27.2%), solvent use (17.3%), biogenic sources (9.2%), and vehicular exhaust (21.2%). The results can provide guidance for further understanding of VOC characteristics and the basis for scientific prevention and control measures in Hangzhou.
ABSTRACT
Irrigation is the main source of soil water in greenhouse. There is a lack of understanding on the effects of drip irrigation under the plastic film on the distribution characteristics of soil nutrients, enzyme activity and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in soil aggregates. The effects of different irrigation low limits (20 kPa, D20; 30 kPa, D30; 40 kPa, D40) on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), urease activity, invertase activity and GRSP in soil aggregates were investigated under the greenhouse with the continuously six years' irrigation. The results showed that compared with D20 and D40 treatments, D30 treatment significantly decreased the proportion of micro-aggregate (<0.25 mm), increased the proportion of macro-aggregate (>0.25 mm), and improved the mean mass diameter (MWD) by 26.4% and 13.4%, respectively. The concentrations of SOC, TN, TP and GRSP were relatively higher in 2-1 mm, 1-0.25 mm, and <0.053 mm aggregates. About 46.5% of SOC, 53.3% of TN and 37.7% of TP were distributed in the 1-0.25 mm aggregates. The urease and invertase activities were increased with the decreases in the size of aggregates, which were significantly increased in D30 and D40 treatments. The 1-0.25 mm aggregates had highest contributions to enzyme activities, with 38.7% of urease and 41.2% of invertase in bulk soil. Results from the correlation analysis showed that MWD was highly positively correlated with GRSP, SOC and urease activity, and the concentration of GRSP was highly positively correlated with SOC and urease activity. Therefore, the irrigation low limits of 30 kPa promoted soil aggregate stability and protection of soil aggregates to nutrients, enzyme activities and GRSP in greenhouse.
Subject(s)
Plastics , Soil Microbiology , Soil , Carbon , Fungal Proteins , Glycoproteins , Nitrogen , PhosphorusABSTRACT
Edwardsiella tarda is an important Gram-negative enteric pathogen affecting both animals and humans. It possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS) essential for pathogenesis. EseB, EseC and EseD have been shown to form a translocon complex after secretion, while EscC functions as a T3SS chaperone for EseB and EseD. In this paper we identify EscA, a protein required for accumulation and proper secretion of another translocon component, EseC. The escA gene is located upstream of eseC and the EscA protein has the characteristics of T3SS chaperones. Cell fractionation experiments indicated that EscA is located in the cytoplasm and on the cytoplasmic membrane. Mutation with in-frame deletion of escA greatly decreased the secretion of EseC, while complementation of escA restored the wild-type secretion phenotype. The stabilization and accumulation of EseC in the cytoplasm were also affected in the absence of EscA. Mutation of escA did not affect the transcription of eseC but reduced the accumulation level of EseC as measured by using an EseC-LacZ fusion protein in Ed. tarda. Co-purification and co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated a specific interaction between EscA and EseC. Further analysis showed that residues 31-137 of EseC are required for EseC-EscA interaction. Mutation of EseC residues 31-137 reduced the secretion and accumulation of EseC in Ed. tarda. Finally, infection experiments showed that mutations of EscA and residues 31-137 of EseC increased the LD(50) by approximately 10-fold in blue gourami fish. These results indicated that EscA functions as a specific chaperone for EseC and contributes to the virulence of Ed. tarda.
