[Agriculture and forestry ecosystem services value in Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area under the background of urbanization, Southern China.] / 城市化背景下广佛都市圈农林生态系统服务价值.

From the land use vector data of Guangzhou-Foshan Metropolitan Area (GFMA) in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, four types of agriculture and forestry ecosystem (cropland, forestland, garden and water body) were extracted. Then, we evaluated the GFMA's agriculture and forestry ecosystem services value (AESV) based on Costanza's method after adjusting the 'ecosystem services value per unit area of China's terrestrial ecosystem' raised by Xie Gaodi through regional, functional and economic factor adjustment. The results showed that the total AESV had a wavelike upward trend due to the continuous development of economy and the increase of people's living standards in GFMA. The AESV in GFMA was 413.74×108, 612.83×108, 582.88×108, 773.44×108 and 698.67×108 yuan in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. During the studied period, water body's service value grew fastest, which was 166.74×108 yuan, and followed by forestland and garden amounting to 103.01×108 and 47.74×108 yuan, respectively, while the cropland's service value decreased by 32.56×108 yuan and the decreasing rate was 23.1%. Accor-ding to the spatial distribution, the AESV tended to decline from the northeast and the southwest to the central part in GFMA from 1990 to 2010. The proportion of individual service value to the total services value changed little, and the contribution of individual service value decreased in the order of water supply, waste treatment, biodiversity protection, climate regulation, soil formation and protection, gas regulation, recreation and culture, raw material and food production.

[Changes of agroecosystem service value during urbanization of Guangzhou City, South China].

Based on the 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008 statistical data of Guangzhou City, and by the methods of marketing valuation, shadow price, afforestation cost, carbon tax, and industrial oxygen-producing, this paper calculated the related service values of various agroecosystems in Guangzhou, and assessed the changes of agroecosystem service value during the rapid urbanization of the City. In 1996-2008, though the service values of farmland, grassland, and water ecosystems had somewhat increase, the overall agroecosystem service value of Guangzhou decreased, mainly due to the more decrease of forest ecosystem service value which occupied more than 90% of the total service value each year. Over the studied period, the proportion of each individual functional service value to the total service value changed little, and the contribution of each individual functional service value was in the order of climate regulation > gases regulation > product service > waste treatment > soil conservation > biodiversity conservation > recreation and culture > water source retention and storage. The sum of climate regulation and gases regulation service values took over 91% of the total agroecosystem service value. There was a significant negative correlation (R = -0.905, P < 0.01)between urbanization rate and total agroecosystem service value, suggesting that the increase of urbanization rate would lead to a decrease of agroecosystem service value. Therefore, it requires an appropriate reservation of various agroecosystems to maintain the regional sustainable development during urbanization.

[Directions of ecology specialty construction and personnel training in China].

This paper analyzed the present status of ecology specialty construction and personnel training in China. It was considered that there existed some problems to be solved, e. g., the contradiction between the rapid development of new subjects in ecology and the relative weakness in personnel qualified to teach, the unbalance between the extensive and intensive, and the deep and shallow teaching programs for the students in ecology, the conflict between the "soft" (theoretical) ecological education and the "hard" (technical) ecological construction, and the contradiction between the limited demands and the relative surplus supply of undergraduate students in ecology. Based on these analyses, a series of suggestions and countermeasures for the innovation of the teaching styles and training directions in ecological specialties were put forward, including 1) to formulate a development and construction plan of ecology specialty and to appropriately regulate the enrollment of undergraduate students, 2) to achieve the changes in current teaching styles from classroom to field and from "soft" theoretical teaching to "hard" technical training, 3) to develop and implement a variety of diversified teaching methods, such as participative, interactive, research-based, and innovative teaching for undergraduate students, 4) to enhance the undergraduate educational quality and teaching resource bank construction and to achieve teaching resource sharing, and 5) to establish "T-type" personnel training system in ecology. Some employment-oriented personnel training directions in ecology specialty were also presented.