[Epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly in urban and rural areas in Shanghai].

Objective: To understand the epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly in Shanghai, as well as the differences between urban and rural areas, and provide evidence for targeted fall prevention and intervention. Methods: From January to March in 2017, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the elderly aged 60 or above selected from 7 urban communities and 6 rural communities in Shanghai to understand the epidemiologic characteristics of fall in the elderly and analyze the gender and urban-rural differences. Results: In urban area, a total of 3 386 elderly people were surveyed, in whom 441 (13.0%) had fall and 261 (7.7%) were injured after fall. In rural area, a total of 2 826 elderly people were surveyed, in whom 320 (11.3%) had fall and 169 (6.0%) were injured after fall. Fall risk in women were higher than that in men in both urban and rural areas with OR of 1.62 (95%CI: 1.42-1.86) and 1.16 (95%CI: 1.38-1.98) respectively, but the differences of fall related injury were not significant. Compared with urban areas, fall risk and fall related injury risk were both lower in rural areas with OR of 0.86 (95%CI: 0.73-0.99) and 0.74 (95%CI: 0.56-0.99). Compared with urban areas, men had lower risk for fall, and women had lower risk for fall related injury with OR of 0.68 (95%CI: 0.51-0.90) and 0.66 (95%CI: 0.47-0.93) respectively. Fall mainly occurred at home. Fall in urban area more frequently occurred on stairs, and fall in rural area more frequently occurred during farming. More than 60% of the falls had environmental risk factors. Slippery ground and uneven ground were main reasons. The incidence of fracture resulted from fall was high indicated by 89 fracture cases in urban areas (28.2%) and 64 fracture cases in rural areas (36.1%). Conclusions: The risk for fall in Shanghai had gender and urban-rural differences. Targeted intervention should be conducted according to the characteristics of fall in the elderly.

Bioremediation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) in immobilized micro-organism biological filter.

AIMS: To evaluate the biodegradability of 2,4-DNT using an anaerobic filter (AF) combined with a biological aerated filter (BAF), and elucidate the degradation mechanism of 2,4-DNT and analyze the bacterial community of the reactors over a long period of operation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pilot test experienced wide fluctuations influent concentrations and there was lower than 0.50 mg l(-1) of 2,4-DNT in the effluent of the system. The removal efficiency was above 99%. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that 2,4-DNT was mainly reduced to 2-amino-4-nitrotoluene (2-A-4-NT), 4-amino-2-nitrotoluene (4-A-2-NT), and 2,4-diaminotoluene (2,4-DAT) during the anaerobic reaction. In addition, ethanol was added into the influent as the electron donor. Because of the use of part ethanol as an auxiliary carbon source, more than twice the theoretical requirement of ethanol was needed to achieve a high 2,4-DNT removal efficiency (>93%). ESEM observations showed that the carrier could immobilize micro-organisms, which flourished more in reactors operating over longer periods. Further research by PCR-DGGE revealed that new 2,4-DNT-resistant bacterial had been generated during the stress of 2,4-DNT for 150 days. The dominant species for 2,4-DNT degradation were identified by a comparison with gene sequences in GenBank. CONCLUSIONS: 2,4-DNT could be effectively degraded by the combined process and ethanol played an important role in the biotransformation. The proposed transformation pathway of 2,4-DNT was concluded. During the 150-day operation, some microbial taxa unaccustomed to 2,4-DNT died out and some new 2,4-DNT-resistant microbial taxa appeared. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study provides a novel method for the bioremediation of 2,4-DNT, which is difficult to degrade by traditional biological methods. The most 2,4-DNT-resistant microbial taxa have not been reported elsewhere and they may be helpful to the treatment of actual 2,4-DNT wastewater.

[A comparative study on cytochemistry between spring and fall peanut seeds].

A comparative study was conducted on cytochemistry of spring and fall crop seeds in peanut cultivars Quanhua No. 10 and Shanyou 71 respectively. Lipids, protein, and polysaccharides in cells of axis and coteledon were simultaneously shown in the Epon812 buried section by means of cytochemistry, and their morphology, quantity and distribution were compared. Embryo cells of spring crop seed develop fully with big cell more vivid contrasting texture and more regularly disposed organelle, but the counterpart cells in fall crop seeds were not as much mature and their organelle arrangement appeared somewhat irregular. In cotyledon storage cells, there were also some difference between spring crop seed and fall crop seed. Cells of spring crop seeds were full of reserves, with more lipid and protein bodies that were closely ranged and extruded with each other. However, the cell structure in fall crop seeds was more loosely arranged, vacuoles had not been filled with protein, but starch grains accumulated more. Therefore, it was shown clearly that spring crop seeds have some advantages over fall crop seeds on production application. Moreover, some cytochemical techniques for demonstration of lipid, polysaccharide and protein in thick resin section and the stain protection were discussed in the paper.