Implementing of Fourier Deconvolution Multiplexing to Fast Polarity Switching Miniaturized Ion Mobility Spectrometer.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a reliable and sensitive technique for the detection and analysis of compounds at the trace level. Depending on the chemical composition of the sample, compounds may be positively or negatively charged to form different polarity ions and detected in positive or negative polarity of the electric field. In order to detect multiple threats simultaneously with miniaturized devices, using a single detection unit to achieve high resolving power and high sensitivity is important. In this work, a miniaturized drift tube with fast polarity switching capabilities integrated with Fourier deconvolution multiplexing techniques is proposed for the first time as a means to improve the performance of ion mobility spectrometry. The sensitivity and resolving power are improved compared to traditional polarity switching signal averaging data acquisition methods. The displayed device had a high resolving power up to 52 at a drift length of 41 mm and a drift tube voltage of 2 kV. Trinitrotoluene (TNT), methamphetamine (MA), benzene, toluene, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), acetic acid, and methylene chloride were evaluated using the proposed fast polarity switching multiplexing spectrometer and exhibited satisfied performance.

Discovery of AG-270, a First-in-Class Oral MAT2A Inhibitor for the Treatment of Tumors with Homozygous MTAP Deletion.

The metabolic enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) was recently implicated as a synthetic lethal target in cancers with deletion of the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene, which is adjacent to the CDKN2A tumor suppressor and codeleted with CDKN2A in approximately 15% of all cancers. Previous attempts to target MAT2A with small-molecule inhibitors identified cellular adaptations that blunted their efficacy. Here, we report the discovery of highly potent, selective, orally bioavailable MAT2A inhibitors that overcome these challenges. Fragment screening followed by iterative structure-guided design enabled >10 000-fold improvement in potency of a family of allosteric MAT2A inhibitors that are substrate noncompetitive and inhibit release of the product, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), from the enzyme's active site. We demonstrate that potent MAT2A inhibitors substantially reduce SAM levels in cancer cells and selectively block proliferation of MTAP-null cells both in tissue culture and xenograft tumors. These data supported progressing AG-270 into current clinical studies (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03435250).

Contributions and mechanisms of components in modified biochar to adsorb cadmium in aqueous solution.

Recently, researchers have carried out a large number of studies on the adsorption of heavy metals by modified biochar, but there have been fewer explorations of the contributions and mechanisms of components in biochar composites on heavy metals adsorption. In this paper, the biochar was modified by Fe2+/Fe3+ and NaOH, and a further analysis of the adsorption of cadmium on the new biochar was conducted. It was found that (1) the adsorption capacity for cadmium of the modified biochar (M85) was 406.46 mg/g, which was 16 times that of the original biochar (C800); (2) the increased adsorption of cadmium onto the modified biochar had little correlation with the specific surface area, and the pure iron component was not the decisive factor for the huge adsorption capacity; and (3) the modified biochar was a kind of composite material with special construction, where the C-O-Fe structure that formed on its surface was the main reason for the sharp increase in adsorption. Among the iron components, iron oxides (Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3 and Fe-O-Fe), iron-containing functional groups (-Fe-R-COOH and Fe-R-OH, etc.) and the mineral crystal XiFeYjOk reacted with the cadmium ion in aqueous solution to exchange, form complexes and precipitate, achieving the purpose of fixing the heavy metal. In addition, the aromatic structure C=Cπ can also adsorb Cd2+ to generate C=Cπ-Cd.

Effects of pyrolysis conditions on migration and distribution of biochar nitrogen in the soil-plant-atmosphere system.

The use of biochar to amend soil has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the 15N tracer technique was used together with elemental analysis-stable isotope ratio analysis and gas isotope mass spectrometry to characterise biochar, soil, plant, and gas samples in order to explore the nitrogen transport mechanisms in the biochar-soil-plant-atmosphere system during the process of returning biochar to the soil (RBS). The results showed that the nitrogen retention rate of biochar was negatively correlated with the pyrolysis temperature during the preparation process, but was less affected by the pyrolysis atmosphere. In the RBS process, the migration of biochar nitrogen to plants was significantly greater than that of straw nitrogen, and it showed an overall decreasing trend with the increase in pyrolysis temperature, but was less influenced by the pyrolysis atmosphere. At temperatures of 300-500 °C, the pyrolysis atmosphere had a slightly smaller effect on the migration of biochar nitrogen to the air, plant, and soil system, and the pyrolysis temperature was much more important. However, the activation with CO2 gas at a higher temperature (600 °C) significantly enhanced the pore structure of biochar, particularly the structure of small pores; therefore, biochar prepared under a CO2 atmosphere at 600 °C reduces gaseous nitrogen emissions better than that under a N2 atmosphere. In the future, more pyrolysis conditions should be examined and their optimal combination should be further explored to reduce gaseous nitrogen emissions.

Application of the 15N tracer method to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere on the distribution of biochar nitrogen in the biomass-biochar-plant system.

Biochar nitrogen is key to improving soil fertility, but the distribution of biochar nitrogen in the biomass-biochar-plant system is still unclear. To provide clarity, the 15N tracer method was utilised to study the distribution of biochar nitrogen in the biochar both before and after its addition to the soil. The results can be summarised as follows. 1) The retention rate of 15N in biochar decreases from 45.23% to 20.09% with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C in a CO2 atmosphere. 2) The retention rate of 15N in biochar prepared in a CO2 atmosphere is higher than that prepared in a N2 atmosphere when the pyrolysis temperature is below 600°C. 3) Not only can biochar N slowly facilitate the adsorption of N by plants but the addition of biochar to the soil can also promote the supply of soil nitrogen to the plant; in contrast, the direct return of wheat straw biomass to the soil inhibits the absorption of soil N by plants. 4) In addition, the distribution of nitrogen was clarified; that is, when biochar was prepared by the pyrolysis of wheat straw at 400°C in a CO2 atmosphere, the biochar retained 45.23% N, and after the addition of this biochar to the soil, 39.99% of N was conserved in the biochar residue, 4.55% was released into the soil, and 0.69% was contained in the wheat after growth for 31days. Therefore, this study very clearly shows the distribution of nitrogen in the biomass-biochar-plant system.

SAR exploration at the C-3 position of tetrahydro-ß-carboline sstr3 antagonists.

MK-4256, a tetrahydro-ß-carboline sstr3 antagonist, was discontinued due to a cardiovascular (CV) adverse effect observed in dogs. Additional investigations revealed that the CV liability (QTc prolongation) was caused by the hERG off-target activity of MK-4256 and was not due to sstr3 antagonism. In this Letter, we describe our extensive SAR effort at the C3 position of the tetrahydro-ß-carboline structure. This effort resulted in identification of 5-fluoro-pyridin-2-yl as the optimal substituent on the imidazole ring to balance sstr3 activity and the hERG off-target liability.

Discovery of MK-1421, a Potent, Selective sstr3 Antagonist, as a Development Candidate for Type 2 Diabetes.

The imidazolyl-tetrahydro-ß-carboline class of sstr3 antagonists have demonstrated efficacy in a murine model of glucose excursion and may have potential as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. The first candidate in this class caused unacceptable QTc interval prolongation in oral, telemetrized cardiovascular (CV) dogs. Herein, we describe our efforts to identify an acceptable candidate without CV effects. These efforts resulted in the identification of (1R,3R)-3-(4-(5-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(1-ethyl-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(3-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3H-2-one-5-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-ß-carboline (17e, MK-1421).

Investigation of Cardiovascular Effects of Tetrahydro-ß-carboline sstr3 antagonists.

Antagonism of somatostatin subtype receptor 3 (sstr3) has emerged as a potential treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, the development of our first preclinical candidate, MK-4256, was discontinued due to a dose-dependent QTc (QT interval corrected for heart rate) prolongation observed in a conscious cardiovascular (CV) dog model. As the fate of the entire program rested on resolving this issue, it was imperative to determine whether the observed QTc prolongation was associated with hERG channel (the protein encoded by the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) binding or was mechanism-based as a result of antagonizing sstr3. We investigated a structural series containing carboxylic acids to reduce the putative hERG off-target activity. A key tool compound, 3A, was identified from this SAR effort. As a potent sstr3 antagonist, 3A was shown to reduce glucose excursion in a mouse oGTT assay. Consistent with its minimal hERG activity from in vitro assays, 3A elicited little to no effect in an anesthetized, vagus-intact CV dog model at high plasma drug levels. These results afforded the critical conclusion that sstr3 antagonism is not responsible for the QTc effects and therefore cleared a path for the program to progress.

Stimulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulin Secretion by a Potent, Selective sst3 Antagonist.

This letter provides the first pharmacological proof of principle that the sst3 receptor mediates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic ß-cells. To enable these studies, we identified the selective sst3 antagonist (1R,3R)-3-(5-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-ß-carboline (5a), with improved ion channel selectivity and mouse pharmacokinetic properties as compared to previously described tetrahydro-ß-carboline imidazole sst3 antagonists. We demonstrated that compound 5a enhances GSIS in pancreatic ß-cells and blocks glucose excursion induced by dextrose challenge in ipGTT and OGTT models in mice. Finally, we provided strong evidence that these effects are mechanism-based in an ipGTT study, showing reduction of glucose excursion in wild-type but not sst3 knockout mice. Thus, we have shown that antagonism of sst3 represents a new mechanism with potential in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Discovery of MK-4256, a Potent SSTR3 Antagonist as a Potential Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

A structure-activity relationship study of the imidazolyl-ß-tetrahydrocarboline series identified MK-4256 as a potent, selective SSTR3 antagonist, which demonstrated superior efficacy in a mouse oGTT model. MK-4256 reduced glucose excursion in a dose-dependent fashion with maximal efficacy achieved at doses as low as 0.03 mg/kg po. As compared with glipizide, MK-4256 showed a minimal hypoglycemia risk in mice.

Discovery of a piperazine urea based compound as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist.

We report the discovery of piperazine urea based compound 1, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor partial agonist. Compound 1 shows anti-obesity efficacy without potentiating erectile activity in the rodent models.

Discovery of highly potent and efficacious MC4R agonists with spiroindane N-Me-1,2,4-triazole privileged structures for the treatment of obesity.

We report an SAR study of MC4R analogs containing spiroindane heterocyclic privileged structures. Compound 26 with N-Me-1,2,4-triazole moiety possesses exceptional potency at MC4R and potent anti-obesity efficacy in a mouse model. However, the efficacy is not completely mediated through MC4R. Additional SAR studies led to the discovery of compound 32, which is more potent at MC4R. Compound 32 demonstrates MC4R mediated anti-obesity efficacy in rodent models.

Optimization of privileged structures for selective and potent melanocortin subtype-4 receptor ligands.

Design, syntheses and structure-activity relationships of N-acetylated piperazine privileged structures containing MC4R agonist compounds were described. The most potent derivatives were low nM MC4R selective full agonists. Several compounds from the series had modest pharmacokinetic properties.

Discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] based melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonists.

Design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of 3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,4'-piperidine] based compounds as potent, selective and orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor (MC4R) agonists are disclosed.

Spiroindane based amides as potent and selective MC4R agonists for the treatment of obesity.

We report a series of potent and selective MC4R agonists based on spiroindane amide privileged structures for potential treatments of obesity. Among the synthetic methods used, Method C allows rapid synthesis of the analogs. The series of compounds can afford high potency on MC4R as well as good rodent pharmacokinetic profiles. Compound 1r (MK-0489) demonstrates MC4R mediated reduction of food intake and body weight in mouse models. Compound 1r is efficacious in 14-day diet-induced obese (DIO) rat models.

Discovery of a spiroindane based compound as a potent, selective, orally bioavailable melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonist.

We report the design, synthesis and properties of spiroindane based compound 1, a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, non-peptide melanocortin subtype-4 receptor agonist. Compound 1 shows excellent erectogenic activity in the rodent models.

Lack of protection with a novel, selective melanocortin receptor subtype-4 agonist RY767 in a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model.

Previous studies utilizing alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) or the synthetic analog [Nle(4), D-Phe(7)] alpha-MSH have reported beneficial effects in animal models of ischemic stroke, with the latter studies suggesting melanocortin receptor subtype-4 (MC4R) activation as a protective mechanism. The present study directly addresses the hypothesis that MC4R activation may ameliorate ischemic brain injury by assessing the efficacy of a novel small molecule MC4R agonist RY767, administered in a pharmacokinetically guided and pharmacologically validated dosing regimen, in a rat stroke model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Male Wistar rats were subjected to 90-min tMCAO followed by 72 h of reperfusion. Treatments were i.p. pretreatment with MK-801 (15 min prior to occlusion, positive control), or combined i.v. and p.o. daily administrations of vehicle, dextrose (negative control) or RY767 in blinded fashion initiated 2 h after occlusion. Infarct volume in MK-801-treated rats (158.7 +/- 22.3 mm(3)) was reduced significantly compared to vehicle infarct volume (243.4 +/- 12.5 mm(3)), whereas infarct volumes in dextrose- (224.3 +/- 16.5 mm(3)) and RY767- (262.1 +/- 19.2 mm(3)) treated rats did not differ from vehicle infarct volume. These results indicate that selective MC4R activation provides no significant neuroprotection, as reflected by infarct volume, in a rat stroke model utilizing a 90-min ischemic insult.

Synthesis and SAR of potent and orally bioavailable tert-butylpyrrolidine archetype derived melanocortin subtype-4 receptor modulators.

Discovery of a series of tert-butyl pyrrolidine derived, potent and orally bioavailable melanocortin receptor subtype-4 (MC4R) selective modulators is disclosed.

Melanocortin subtype 4 receptor agonists: structure-activity relationships about the 4-alkyl piperidine core.

SAR about the piperidine core in a series of MC4R agonists is described. A number of alkyl substituents that furnish compounds with good affinity and functional potency are reported.

Development of a pharmaceutical cocrystal of a monophosphate salt with phosphoric acid.

We report the first case of a pharmaceutical cocrystal formed between an inorganic acid and an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which enabled us to develop a stable crystalline and bioavailable solid dosage form for pharmaceutical development where otherwise only unstable amorphous free form or salts could have been used.