ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to many antibiotics, which lowers the efficacy of eradication therapy, is increasingly prevalent. High-dose proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-amoxicillin dual therapy (HDDT) has been used for H. pylori eradication for years, and resistance to amoxicillin is relatively rare. Although many studies have compared the eradication rate of HDDT with that of guideline therapies, the reported efficacy of HDDT varies greatly and is inconsistent. AIMS: This study investigated the eradication rate and adverse effects of HDDT compared with the guidelines at the time of the study. METHODS: Several open public databases, including Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed, and MEDLINE, were searched. The results of the current literature on the eradication and adverse event rates of HDDT compared with the latest recommended first-line therapies were analysed. Notably, 14 out of the 16 included studies were conducted in Asian regions. RESULTS: The eradication rate of HDDT was lower but not significantly different from those of control therapies (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67-1.26) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis. A similar trend was observed in the per-protocol (PP) analysis (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.47-1.63). Notably, the adverse effect risk in HDDT was significantly lower than in other therapies (I2 = 67.75%, OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.33-0.54, P = 0.00004). When the eradication rate of the control group was lower than 81%, HDDT was significantly better than control therapies (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.23-4.84). CONCLUSION: HDDT used four times a day for 14 days showed better efficacy and safety than the guideline treatments for H. pylori infection in areas with high antimicrobial resistance.
Subject(s)
Amoxicillin , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Drug Therapy, Combination , Helicobacter Infections , Helicobacter pylori , Proton Pump Inhibitors , Proton Pump Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Proton Pump Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects , Humans , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Amoxicillin/therapeutic use , Amoxicillin/administration & dosage , Helicobacter pylori/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a high risk of developing gastric cancer (GC). Metformin, which is conventionally used to treat type 2 diabetes, induces AMP-activated protein kinase signaling and suppresses gluconeogenesis. Recent studies have reported that metformin is associated with beneficial effects in cancer prevention and treatment owing to its anti-tumor effects. This makes metformin a potential medication for GC therapy. However, contradicting reports have emerged regarding the efficacy of metformin in reducing the risk of GC. This review summarizes the impact of metformin on mitigating GC risk by analyzing clinical databases. The mechanism underlying the anti-tumor effect of metformin on GC is also discussed.
