A Scoping Review of PTSD and Depression in Adult Burn Patients: A Call for Standardized Screening and Intervention Research.

Despite the growing incidence of burn injuries globally and the advancements in physical recovery, the psychological aspect of burn trauma recovery remains inadequately addressed. This review aims to consolidate existing literature posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression in adult burn survivors, recognizing the need for a holistic approach to burn recovery that encompasses both physical and mental health. The comprehensive analysis of 156 studies revealed significant variations in methodological approaches, leading to challenges in creating standardized protocols for mental health assessment in burn care. Key findings include the identification of a wide range of psychological assessment tools and a substantial research gap in low and middle-income countries, where the majority of burn injuries occur. Only 7.0% of the studies assessed interventions for PTSD or depression, indicating a lack of focus on treatment modalities. The studies identified demographic factors, patient history, psychosocial factors, burn injury characteristics, and treatment course as risk factors for PTSD and depression post-burn injury. The review highlights the need for early screening, intervention, and attention to subjective experiences related to burn injury, as these are strong predictors of long-term psychological distress. It also emphasizes the complexity of addressing psychological distress in burn survivors and the need for more standardized practices in assessing PTSD and depression specific to this population.

Food Security: An Unmet Need in Outpatient Burn Care.

Nutrition is paramount for wound healing after burn injury. With rising food prices and time off work due to burn injuries, access to adequate nutrition may be a significant financial stressor. We asked patients at an outpatient burn clinic to complete the Household Food Security Module, which queries about food security over the preceding 12 months. Demographics and burn characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. We assessed the overall prevalence of food insecurity, risk factors for food insecurity, and potential effects of food insecurity on nutritional status and wound healing time. Wound healing time was assessed via Cox regression while adjusting for burn depth, total body surface area burned, and diabetes. Over 40% of participants reported experiencing food insecurity; it was more common in patients who preferred Spanish language (p=0.014) or were unemployed (p=0.049). Just over half of participants experiencing food insecurity were using any food assistance resources. Among patients more than 30 days from burn injury, patients who were food insecure had larger burns (p=0.01). Experience of food insecurity was not associated presence of malnutrition on nutrition-focused physical exam (p=0.47). Wound healing time for burns managed in the outpatient setting was associated with burn depth (p<0.001), but not food insecurity (p=0.95), burn size (p=0.17), or diabetes (p=0.14). Although food insecurity did not result in malnutrition or negatively impact wound healing time, it is important for providers to routinely screen for food insecurity due to increased nutritional requirements and loss of wages after burn injury.

Hydroxocobalamin is not associated with methemoglobinemia in patients with inhalation injury and suspected cyanide toxicity and a proposed algorithm for hydroxocobalamin administration.

BACKGROUND: Cyanide poisoning poses a significant threat to burn patients exposed to smoke in residential or workplace fires, leading to central nervous system dysfunction, hemodynamic instability, cardiovascular collapse, and death. Prompt administration of an effective antidote is critical. Hydroxocobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, is the gold standard treatment for cyanide toxicity, by binding to cyanide molecules and converting them into non-toxic cyanocobalamin that is eliminated by the kidneys. This mechanism is distinct from previous cyanide antidotes, which induce the formation of methemoglobin to bind to cyanide. Recent case studies have reported elevated methemoglobin levels after hydroxocobalamin administration, raising concerns regarding its safety. The current study investigates smoke inhalation patients treated with hydroxocobalamin at a single institution Burn Unit in hopes of enhancing our understanding of the complexities surrounding cyanide antidote therapy. METHODS: After Institutional Board Approval, a retrospective cohort study was conducted. Our sample comprised burn patients with inhalation injury admitted to a single institution from 2013 to 2023 and treated with hydroxocobalamin for suspected cyanide toxicity. We also analyzed a matched control cohort of similar patients with inhalation injury not treated with hydroxocobalamin. We analyzed changes and peaks in methemoglobin levels, lactate levels, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, ventilator days, % total body surface area (TBSA), various types of medications and dressings, and mortality. Statistical analyses included t-tests, chi-square, linear and logistic regressions, and correlation analysis. RESULTS: In the study, 36 patients with suspected inhalation injury were treated with hydroxocobalamin at the Los Angeles General (LAG) Burn Unit from 2013 to 2023, who were matched to 32 control patients with inhalation injury who were not treated with hydroxocobalamin. Demographic and baseline characteristics showed no statistically significant differences between the groups, including age, gender, BMI, and %TBSA. No significant differences were found in initial, final, peak, or change in methemoglobin levels. The study also revealed no significant disparities in initial lactate levels, mortality, kidney function tests, ventilator days, surgeries, or use of medications/treatments (e.g., Silvadene dressings, Vitamin C) between the two groups. When controlling for covariates, multiple linear regression analysis (age, gender, and %TBSA) indicated that hydroxocobalamin administration was not significantly associated with changes in methemoglobin or mortality. Increased %TBSA, however, was linked to elevated lactate levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation sought to assess the potential risks associated with hydroxocobalamin administration in burn patients with concomitant inhalation injury. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, we found no statistically significant differences in methemoglobinemia, lactate levels, mortality, or kidney function. The influence of other factors, such as methemoglobinemia-inducing drugs or hydroxocobalamin's interference with co-oximetry, adds complexity. Although elevated methemoglobin levels were observed in some cases, their clinical significance was limited. However, this study's limitations, particularly the rarity of inhalation injury cases with concern for cyanide toxicity, warrant consideration. Further research is required to comprehensively elucidate the impact of hydroxocobalamin administration on burn patients' outcomes.

Lower Admission Prealbumin and Albumin Levels in Unhoused Burn Patients is a Marker for Poorer Outcomes.

Unhoused (UH) individuals experience burn injuries at a higher rate than domiciled individuals, and have poorer outcomes following injuries. One such mechanism proposed for worsened outcomes is secondary to poor nutrition. Access to proper nutrition and food insecurity are major barriers. Malnutrition has been shown to decrease wound tensile strength, increase infection rates, and prolong healing. The purpose of this study was to understand if albumin and prealbumin could help determine outcomes in UH patients and identify at-risk patients earlier in their hospital course A retrospective chart review was conducted of UH patients from 2015 through 2023 at a large urban safety net hospital. Data collected included admission laboratory values including albumin and prealbumin. Outcomes studied included length of stay, ICU days, ventilator days, and mortality. Data analysis for the effect of albumin and prealbumin included a zero-truncated negative binomial model for length of stay, a negative binomial hurdle model for ICU length of stay and ventilator days, and logistic regression for mortality. 385 patients met inclusion criteria and of these, 366 had albumin and 361 had prealbumin information. Adjusting for age, gender, and TBSA, the fewest days in the hospital and lowest odds of admission to the ICU occurred for those with admission albumin values of approximately 3.4-3.5 g/dL. Each unit (g/dL) decrease in albumin was associated with 3.19 times the odds of death (95% CI 1.42, 7.69). Each unit (mg/dL) decrease in prealbumin was associated with 1.19 times the odds of death (95% CI 1.06, 1.35). Decreased admission albumin and prealbumin levels are associated with worse burn outcomes in UH patients. These nutritional biomarkers may aid in determining which UH patients are suffering from food insecurity at injury onset. Obtaining these values on admission may help burn providers target nutritional goals in their most vulnerable patients.

A Systematic Review of Simulation in Burn Care: Education, Assessment, and Management.

Assessment and management of burns require nuanced, timely interventions in high-stake settings, creating challenges for trainees. Simulation-based education has become increasingly popular in surgical and nonsurgical subspecialties to supplement training without compromising patient safety. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on existing burn management-related simulations. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Articles describing burn-specific surgical and nonsurgical simulation models were included. The model type, study description, simulated skills, assessment methods, fidelity, cost, and outcomes were collected. Of 3,472 articles, 31 met inclusion criteria. The majority of simulations were high-fidelity (n=17, 54.8%). Most were immersive (n=17, 54.8%) and used synthetic benchtop models (n=13, 41.9%), whereas none were augmented/virtual reality. Simulations of acute and early surgical intervention techniques (n=16, 51.6%) and burn wound assessments (n=15, 48.4%) were the most common, whereas burn reconstruction was the least common (n=3, 9.7%). Technical skills were taught more often (n=29, 93.5%) than non-technical skills (n=15, 48.4%). Subjective assessments (n=18, 58.1%) were used more often than objective assessments (n=23, 74.2%). Of the studies that reported costs, 91.7% (n=11) reported low costs. This review identified the need to expand burn simulator options, especially for burn reconstruction, and highlighted the paucity of animal, cadavers, and augmented/virtual reality models. Developing validated, accessible burn simulations to supplement training may improve education, patient safety, and outcomes.

Analyzing Burn-Related Content on Social Media Platforms: A Study of Creator Types, Content Focus, and Engagement Metrics.

Social media offers a readily available, cost-effective way for medical experts to disseminate knowledge and shape public health outcomes but also allows for the spread of misinformation. This study aims to analyze burn-related material on social media by creator, content type, and engagement. Facebook, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter) were queried with the following search terms: "burn," "burn injury," "burn recovery," and "burn treatment." Identified accounts were then manually screened for relevance. Year of creation and engagement metrics were collected. Accounts were categorized by content and creator type. Data was reported using descriptive statistics and visualized graphically to explore trends. Our search yielded 434 profiles, 234 of which met inclusion criteria. TikTok had the most engagement at a median of 43,500 followers per account, with 38.3% of accounts focusing on individual experiences of burn survivors primarily on personal accounts (48.3%). In contrast, content on Facebook was related to promotion of medical services (36.9%), where the most represented creator type was medical centers (33.6%). Nonprofits made up 40.4% of accounts on Twitter/X and more than a third of the content focused on patient advocacy, support, or burn prevention (36.5%). Important topics like burn education, prevention, and social support are lacking on major social media platforms. Engagement from burn care organizations and burn experts on social media is necessary. The findings of this study may guide advocates in the burn community on where and how to disseminate information in social media.

Navigating Scar Care: An Evaluation of Scar Treatment Patient Education Materials.

While patient education materials (PEMs) across various specialties have been reported as being too difficult to read, the quality and understandability of PEMs related to scar management have not been assessed. In this study, we report the breadth of scar management interventions and readability of online PEMs authored by academic societies and university hospitals. Websites of academic medical societies and university hospitals with scar revision PEMs were assessed for relevance. PEM readability was assessed via Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, and Gunning-Fox Index scores. Understandability and actionability were evaluated using the Patient Education Material Assessment Tool (PEMAT). A total of 26 scar revision PEMs met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly mentioned scar management interventions were scar revision surgery (73%) and laser scar revision (70%), with minimal emphasis on non-invasive methods like scar massage or sun protection. Readability analysis yielded a mean Flesch reading level of 8.8. Overall PEMAT understandability of online scar treatment PEMs was moderate, with a median of 76.0% (IQR 71.5 - 80.5%). PEMs from all specialties and institution types were lacking in actionability, with median actionability of 40.8% (IQR 38.1-60.0%). Online scar revision PEMs included a wide breadth of scar management interventions, however the least costly interventions of sun protection and scar massage were not commonly included. PEMs for scar management could be improved by simplifying language, including visual aids, and including checklists or specific steps patients can take to take action on scar management interventions.

Neuropathic pain in burn patients - A common problem with little literature: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) in burn patients is reported in the literature to be as high as 80%1. Given the complexity of NP in burn patients and the wide range of treatments available, a systematic review of the literature is warranted to summarize our current understanding of management and treatment of NP in this population. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The following databases were queried to identify relevant articles: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, Ovid, and Web of Science. The main outcome measures were incidence and management of NP. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for NP. RESULTS: Included articles presented findings from 11 different countries, capturing outcomes for 4366 patients. Risk factors for neuropathic pain in burn patients were identified, including older age, alcohol and substance abuse, current daily smoking, greater % total body surface area burns (TBSA), and longer hospitalizations. Pharmacologic treatments included gabapentin/pregabalin (n = 7), ascorbic acid (n = 1), and lidocaine (n = 1). Overall, the studies showed varied results regarding the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. While certain studies demonstrated gabapentanoids to be effective in reducing neuropathic symptoms, others found conflicting results. With regards to non-pharmacologic treatments, electroconvulsive therapy (n = 1), electropuncture (n = 1), nerve release/reconstruction (n = 2), and somatosensory feedback rehabilitation (n = 1) were used and demonstrated promise in reducing pain intensity and improving functionality. CONCLUSIONS: Despite NP afflicting the majority of burn patients long after their injury, this systematic review demonstrates insufficient evidence on the pathophysiology, outcomes, and risk factors in NP, as well as the efficacy of various therapies. Future prospective and randomized studies evaluating the etiology of these factors can substantially improve our treatment strategies. This can allow for the development of well-delineated and evidence-based protocols in NP management in hopes of improving quality of life and both psychological and physical function in burn patients.

Injury Pattern Analysis to Optimize Burn Injury Prevention in the Unhoused Community.

Unhoused patients are an overrepresented group in burn injury, and are a uniquely vulnerable population. Current research focuses on the consequences of homelessness on burn outcomes, with little known about the specific circumstances and behaviors leading to burn injury that may represent specific targets for injury prevention efforts. The burn registry at an urban regional burn center was queried for burn admissions in unhoused adults from 2019 to 2022. Registry data pulled included demographics, urine toxicology, mechanism of injury, and injury subjective history. Subjective injury history was reviewed to determine more specific injury circumstances and activities during which accidental burns occurred. Demographic and mechanistic trends in burn admissions were explored via descriptive statistics. Among 254 admissions for burns from the unhoused community, 58.1% of patients were positive for stimulants on admission. Among accidental injuries (69.7%), common circumstances included preparing food or beverages, cooking or using methamphetamine, smoking cannabis or tobacco, bonfires, and candles. A specific common circumstance was lighting a cigarette while handling accelerants (6.7%). Interventions for stimulant abuse, as well as outreach efforts to educate unhoused patients about situational awareness, safe handling of accelerants, safe smoking practices, and safe cooking practices, may be effective tools in reducing burn admissions in this vulnerable population.

Assessing Scar Outcomes Using Objective Scar Measurement Tools: An Adjunct to Validated Scar Evaluation Scales.

INTRO: The assessment of scar outcomes is important to both patient care and research focused on understanding the results of medical and surgical interventions. The Vancouver Scar Scale and Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale are validated and simple instruments to assess scars. However, these subjective scales have shortcomings. The VSS fails to capture patient perception and has indeterminate validity and reliability. The POSAS captures patient perception, but the observer scale has been shown to have moderate amounts of inter-rater variability. Studies highlighting the ability of objective scar assessment tools to produce reliable and reproducible results are needed. In this study, we aimed to validate the use of the Fibrometer ®, Elastimeter ®, and SkinColorCatch ® as an objective adjunct in the assessment of hypertrophic scar and keloid outcomes. METHODS: This was a prospective single-center study which assessed patient scars using the Vancouver Scar Scale, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment scale, and the aforementioned objective study tools. Correlations between the different methods of scar assessment were measured. RESULTS: The Fibrometer ® and SkinColorCatch ® showed significant correlations with the VSS total and the Observer POSAS total. The Elastimeter ® showed significant correlations with both the Patient and Observer POSAS totals. Unexpected correlations between Elastimeter ® measurements and the vascularity/pigmentation of scars indicate that scoring of these categories may be influenced by how severe the scar looks to the observer subjectively, further necessitating the need for reliable objective scar assessment tools. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the ability of these devices to assess scars and demonstrate their potential in serving as an important adjunct to previously validated scar assessment scales.

Surgical Management of Diabetic Foot Burns is Associated with Poor Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

There is no consensus for the optimal management of diabetic foot burn injuries. Here, we systematically identify studies reporting on diabetic foot burns and evaluate outcomes among patients managed operatively versus non-operatively. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched. Screening was performed by independent reviewers. Primary research studies with English full texts published between 1980 to 2023 that discussed outcomes of foot burns in adults with diabetes were included and critically appraised using validated tools. Results are presented using descriptive statistics of aggregated data. The search yielded 2,402 non-duplicate papers, of which 35 met inclusion criteria. Nine papers were included for meta-analysis, including seven retrospective comparative analyses, one cross-sectional study, and one retrospective chart review. There were 1798 diabetic foot burn patients. Mean age was 58.2 years (SD 4.12) and 73.1% (n = 1,314) were male. A total of 15.7% (n = 283) of patients were surgically managed, including debridement (3.7%, n = 66), grafting (8.2%, n = 147), flap (0.2%, n = 3), and primary amputation (7.1%, n = 127). Secondary amputation rate, defined as amputation following initial surgery, was 4.9%, (n = 14). The overall amputation rate was 7.8% (n = 141). Other complications included infection (4.0%, n = 72), osteomyelitis (1.9%, n = 34), and graft failure (8.2%, n = 12). One study reported functional status at last visit. Diabetic foot burns are highly morbid. The surgical management of these complex injuries is high risk, as amputation results in poorer quality of life and functional outcomes.

Laser-Assisted Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Systematic Review.

Hypertrophic scars and keloids are the results of an exaggerated healing process and are often associated with significant patient morbidity. Fractional ablative lasers create microchannels in the skin and penetrate into the substance of the scar, inducing a normal healing response in zones of created damage. Focal delivery of scar-modulating agents into the scar through these microchannels-a process termed laser-assisted drug delivery (LADD)-is a promising and developing treatment modality. In this systematic review, we aim to critically examine the evidence of LADD in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. The evidence suggests that LADD improves outcomes in hypertrophic scars and keloids. LADD is a more effective treatment modality than the topical application of agents in hypertrophic scars and equally effective as the intralesional injection of agents in keloids. There were few reports of adverse events. Evidence supports the use of LADD as an adjunct to non-surgical measures or a treatment modality to be used before more invasive measures such as surgical excision. However, the quality of evidence supporting this conclusion is inconsistent and lacks power. Additional studies are required to optimize dosages, laser settings, and agent choices for the treatment of these lesions.

Physical and psychosocial outcomes among burn-injured people with heterotopic ossification: A burn model system study.

INTRODUCTION: Heterotopic ossification (HO), or ectopic bone formation in soft tissue, is a not so rare and poorly understood debilitating sequela of burn injury. Individuals developing HO following burn injuries to their hands often experience reductions in mobility, significant contractures, and joint pain. This study identifies demographic characteristics of individuals who develop HO and compares their physical and psychosocial outcomes to the general burn population. METHODS: Participant demographics, injury characteristics, and PROMIS-29 scores across three time points (discharge, six- and 12- months after injury) were extracted from the Burn Model System National Longitudinal Database representing participants from 2015-2022. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to compare PROMIS scores across all three longitudinal measurements. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, HO status, and burn size. RESULTS: Of the 861 participants with data concerning HO, 33 were diagnosed with HO (3.8% of participants). Most participants with HO were male (n = 24, 73%) and had an average age of 40 + /- 13 years. Participants with HO had significantly larger burn size (49 +/-23% Total Body Surface Area (TBSA)) than those without HO (16 +/-17%). Participants with HO reported significantly worse physical function, depression, pain interference and social integration scores than those without HO. After adjusting for covariables, participants with HO continued to report statistically significantly worse physical function than those without HO. Although physical functioning was consistently lower, the two populations did not differ significantly among psychosocial outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: While HO can result in physical limitations, the translation to psychosocial impairments was not evident. Targeted treatment of HO with the goal of maximizing physical function should be a focus of their rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b TYPE OF STUDY: Symptom Prevalence Study.

Social Distancing or Socially Dividing? A Greater Proportion of Vulnerable Patients Admitted to a Metropolitan Burn Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Due to stay-at-home mandates and social distancing, we hypothesized the coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic altered the epidemiology of burn injuries that presented to a single-institution, metropolitan burn center. A retrospective review of adult and pediatric patients admitted to the center during a 3-year period: 3/20/19-3/19/20 (pre-pandemic year), 3/20/20-3/19/21 (pandemic year 1), and 3/20/21-3/19/22 (pandemic year 2). Variables included patient demographics, burn injury, and hospitalization characteristics. A greater proportion of males compared to females were admitted during the pre-pandemic year with a significant increase in this difference during pandemic year 1 (P < .05). There was a significant increase in the proportion of undomiciled patients admitted between the pre-pandemic year and pandemic year 2 (P < .01). There were significant increases in the proportion of admitted patients who were uninsured, had a history of mental illness and/or substance abuse between pandemic years 1 and 2 (P < .001, P < .05, P < .01) and between the pre-pandemic year and pandemic year 2 (P < .001, P < .01, P < .001). There were significant differences in deepest burn depth and burn etiology between individual years. The proportion of patients with burns treated purely non-operatively significantly increased during pandemic year 1 (P < .05). Greater changes in the demographics of patients with burns admitted after the onset of the pandemic were reported compared to the characteristics and management of their burn injuries. Overall, this study demonstrated that a greater proportion of vulnerable patients were admitted during the pandemic, providing a better understanding of existing health disparities and the differential impact of the pandemic on lower socioeconomic populations.

Neuropathic Pain After Burn Injury: A Severe and Common Problem in Recovery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to address the limited understanding of neuropathic pain (NP) among burn survivors by comprehensively examining its prevalence and related factors on a national scale using the Burn Model System (BMS) National Database. BACKGROUND: NP is a common but underexplored complaint among burn survivors, greatly affecting their quality of life and functionality well beyond the initial injury. Existing data on NP and its consequences in burn survivors are limited to select single-institution studies, lacking a comprehensive national perspective. METHODS: The BMS National Database was queried to identify burn patients responding to NP-related questions at enrollment, 6 months, 12 months, 2 years, and 5 years postinjury. Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to explore associations between demographic/clinical characteristics and self-reported NP at different time points. RESULTS: There were 915 patients included for analysis. At discharge, 66.5% of patients experienced NP in their burn scars. Those with NP had significantly higher Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29 (PROMIS-29) pain inference, itch, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance scores and were less able to partake in social roles. Multiple logistic regression revealed male sex, % total body surface area, and moderate-to-severe pain as predictors of NP at 6 months. At 12 months, % total body surface area and moderate-to-severe pain remained significant predictors, while ethnicity and employment status emerged as significant predictors at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significant prevalence of NP in burn patients and its adverse impacts on their physical, psychological, and social well-being. The findings underscore the necessity of a comprehensive approach to NP treatment, addressing both physical symptoms and psychosocial factors.

Minority pediatric burn survivors undergo more burn operations: A single center's five-year experience.

Burn injuries remain a significant source of trauma in the United States and disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities. Although disparities are well documented in adults, less is known regarding those in pediatric populations. To address this gap in literature, we aim to better characterize burn injuries, inpatient treatments, and post-discharge outcomes in minority pediatric burn patients. We hypothesize minority patients undergo more surgery and re-admissions than non-minority patients for burn care. This is a single institution retrospective chart review of pediatric patient admissions with burn injuries from July 1st, 2016 to July 1st, 2021. Demographics, details of injury, inpatient surgical and non-surgical care, and post-discharge outcomes were collected. Patients identifying as Hispanic/Latino, Black, and Asian were coded as minority patients. Univariate analysis was utilized. A total of 332 patients with average age of 4.9 years (SD: 4.4) and average total burn surface area (TBSA) of 8.5% (SD: 10.0) were collected. Minority patients were significantly more likely to experience accidental burn injury (p < 0.01), inhalational injury (p < 0.01), surgical management (p < 0.01), and to undergo skin graft (p < 0.01) than White patients. Minority patients were significantly more likely to undergo laser treatment after discharge (p < 0.01) than White patients. Our study shows minority pediatric patients are at risk for non-intentional burn injuries that undergo surgical management such as skin grafting and longitudinal reconstructive procedures including laser therapy more often. Short-term goals should include facilitating improved physical and psychosocial outcomes in this often-underserved patient population.

Combining scar-modulating agents for the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids: A systematic review.

Injury to the skin can cause abnormal wound healing and continuous inflammation that leads to the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids. These lesions often cause significant negative impact on a patient's life due to aesthetic, physical, social, and psychological consequences. Numerous treatment modalities exist for these hypertrophic scars and keloids, which include silicone sheeting, pressure garments, intralesional injection/topical application of scar-modulating agents, laser therapy, and surgical excision. Due to increased efficacy, an evolving treatment paradigm encourages the use of multiple treatment modalities instead of one treatment modality. However, no gold standard treatment exists for these lesions, leaving many people with unsatisfactory results. Adding scar-modulating agents such as 5-Fluorouracil, bleomycin, or Botulinum Toxin A to triamcinolone monotherapy has emerged as a potential drug combination for treating hypertrophic scars and keloids. We sought to critically analyze the evidence that exists for the use of more than one scar-modulating agent. This was done by conducting a systematic review to determine the efficacy of these combined drug regimens. We found that many of these combinations show evidence of increased efficacy and fewer/similar adverse events to triamcinolone monotherapy. Triamcinolone and 5-Fluorouracil showed the strongest and most consistent evidence out of all combinations. With this review, we intend to encourage more research into unique drug combinations that may improve outcomes for patients with symptomatic hypertrophic scars or keloids.

Grill-Related Burn Injuries: A Matched Cohort Study.

Barbequing can result in devastating burn injuries with unsafe practices. This study aims to characterize the demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes of grill-related burns and identify ways of burn prevention. A retrospective review of patients admitted to a single-institution, metropolitan burn center from January 1, 2017, to July 1, 2023. Data included demographics, burn injury characteristics, and outcomes. Each Grill Cohort patient was matched to 3 nongrill controls by mBaux score and burn location. Of 2355 patients, 69 (2.9%) met Grill Cohort inclusion criteria. The Grill Cohort had 55 (79.7%) males and an average age of 41.7 ± 17.5 years old. In the Grill Cohort, 25 (36.2%) patients had positive blood alcohol, 8 (11.6%) tested positive for amphetamines, and 5 (7.2%) for cocaine at the time of admission. A total of 61 (88.4%) Grill Cohort burns involved the upper extremity, 43 (62.3%) the head/neck, 34 (49.3%) the lower extremity, and 30 (43.5%) the trunk. Compared with the Control Cohort, the Grill Cohort had smaller proportions of patients who were undomiciled (P < .01) or had a history of mental illness (P < .001). Grill-related burns had a greater proportion of flash/flame burns (P < .001). This study suggests that middle-aged, domiciled males without psychiatric comorbidities are more likely to make preventable grilling errors resulting in burn injuries. Prevention strategies targeting this demographic group should emphasize the risks of grilling while intoxicated, proper handling of propane tanks and lighter fluid, and the use of flash/flame-resistant gear protecting the upper extremities and head/neck.

Gaps in plastic surgery training: A comparative literature review of assessment tools in plastic surgery and general surgery.

Assessment tools for grading technical and nontechnical skills, such as operative technique and professionalism, are well established in general surgery. Less is known regarding the application of these tools in plastic surgery training. This study is a comparative review of the most prevalent assessment tools and rubrics utilized in general and plastic surgery. Two parallel systematic reviews of the literature utilizing PubMed and Cochrane were conducted for articles published between 1990 and 2022. Searches used Boolean operators specific to assessment tools in general and plastic surgery. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria for general surgery assessment tools, and 21 studies were included for plastic surgery assessment tools. Seven studies (50%) evaluated technical skills in general surgery, whereas 15 studies (71%) assessed technical skills in plastic surgery with commonality found in the evaluation of principles, such as tissue and instrument handling and operative flow. Task-specific evaluation tools were described for both general and plastic surgeries. Five studies evaluated nontechnical skills, such as communication and leadership in general surgery, whereas no plastic surgery studies solely examined nontechnical assessment tools. Our literature review demonstrates that standardized skill assessments in plastic surgery are lacking compared with those available in general surgery. Plastic surgery programs should consider implementing competency-based assessment tools in surgical coaching and training for technical and nontechnical skills. More research is necessary in plastic surgery to optimize the evaluation of nontechnical skills.

Using a Fluid Resuscitation Algorithm to Reduce the Incidence of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome in the Burn Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Patients with large burns must be carefully resuscitated to balance adequate tissue perfusion with the risk of end-organ damage. One devastating complication of overresuscitation is abdominal compartment syndrome. Reducing the volume of fluids given during resuscitation may reduce the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome and improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether decreasing fluid resuscitation volume in a burn center reduced the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved all patients with severe burns (total body surface area ≥20%) who were admitted to a burn intensive care unit over 4 years (n = 166). Primary outcomes were required fluid volume, whether differences in the patient characteristics measured affected outcomes, rate of abdominal compartment syndrome, and incidence of abdominal hypertension. After the first 2 years, the Parkland fluid resuscitation algorithm was modified to decrease the volume goal, and patients were assessed for the incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome and related complications such as kidney failure, abdominal hypertension, and ventilator days. RESULTS: A total of 16% of patients resuscitated using the Parkland equation experienced abdominal compartment syndrome compared with 10% of patients resuscitated using the modified algorithm, a difference of 6 percentage points (P = .39). Average volume administered was 11.8 L using the Parkland formula and 9.4 L using the modified algorithm (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Despite a significant decrease in the amount of fluid administered, no significant difference was found in incidence of abdominal compartment syndrome or urine output. Matched prospective studies are needed to improve resuscitation care for patients with large burns.