[Frequency of sensitization to shrimp with house dust mite immunotherapy with polymerized extracts]. / Frecuencia de sensibilización a camarón con inmunoterapia a ácaros con extractos polimerizados.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk of IgE sensitization and symptoms to shrimp in a population that has received AIT with polymerized mite extract. METHODS: Patients with allergic rhinitis sensitized to dust mites (Dermatophogides spp) with an indication for mite AIT were included. Those patients who had not yet received AIT or had received less than 6 doses were included as controls and those who had received more than 24 doses of AIT were included as cases. Sensitization to shrimp was assessed by skin prick test with complete shrimp extract and/or shrimp-specific IgE. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients were included; 47 cases and 21 controls. When calculating the odds ratio of sensitization according to time with immunotherapy we observed that there were no differences between the group of cases and controls (OR 0.76 95% CI 0.26 to 2.22 p 0.7 by MacNemar technique). Factors such as consumption or not of shrimp and frequency of consumption do not seem to be related to the outcome. CONCLUSION: In contrast to what was reported with aqueous extracts, we observed that AIT with polymerized extracts is not a risk factor for shrimp sensitization. It is necessary to reproduce these results with a larger sample size to explore other factors.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el riesgo de sensibilización IgE y síntomas a camarón en una población que ha recibido AIT con extracto polimerizado para ácaros. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron pacientes con rinitis alérgica sensibilizados a ácaros del polvo (Dermatophogides spp) con indicación de AIT para ácaros. Aquellos pacientes que no habían aún recibido AIT o llevaban menos de seis dosis, fueron incluidos como controles, y aquellos que llevaban más de 24 dosis de AIT, fueron incluidos como casos. Se evaluó la sensibilización a camarón mediante prueba cutánea con extracto completo de camarón y/o IgE específica a camarón. RESULTADOS: En total, 68 pacientes fueron incluidos; 47 casos y 21 controles. Al calcular el odds ratio de la sensibilización de acuerdo al tiempo con la inmunoterapia, observamos que no había diferencias entre el grupo de casos y controles (OR 0,76 95% IC 0,26 a 2,22 p 0,7 por técnica de MacNemar). Factores como el consumo o no de camarón y la frecuencia de consumo, no parecen estar relacionados con el desenlace. CONCLUSIÓN: A diferencia de lo reportado con extractos acuosos, observamos de AIT con extractos polimerizados para no es un factor de riesgo para la sensibilización a camarón. Es necesario reproducir estos resultados con un mayor tamaño de muestra que permita explorar otros factores.

Mathematical Modeling for the Assessment of Public Policies in the Cancer Health-Care System Implemented for the Colombian Case.

The incidence of cancer has been constantly growing worldwide, placing pressure on health systems and increasing the costs associated with the treatment of cancer. In particular, low- and middle-income countries are expected to face serious challenges related to caring for the majority of the world's new cancer cases in the next 10 years. In this study, we propose a mathematical model that allows for the simulation of different strategies focused on public policies by combining spending and epidemiological indicators. In this way, strategies aimed at efficient spending management with better epidemiological indicators can be determined. For validation and calibration of the model, we use data from Colombia-which, according to the World Bank, is an upper-middle-income country. The results of the simulations using the proposed model, calibrated and validated for Colombia, indicate that the most effective strategy for reducing mortality and financial burden consists of a combination of early detection and greater efficiency of treatment in the early stages of cancer. This approach is found to present a 38% reduction in mortality rate and a 20% reduction in costs (% GDP) when compared to the baseline scenario. Hence, Colombia should prioritize comprehensive care models that focus on patient-centered care, prevention, and early detection.

A discrete model for the evaluation of public policies: The case of Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In mathematical epidemiology, it is usual to implement compartmental models to study the transmission of diseases, allowing comprehension of the outbreak dynamics. Thus, it is necessary to identify the natural history of the disease and to establish promissory relations between the structure of a mathematical model, as well as its parameters, with control-related strategies (real interventions) and relevant socio-cultural behaviors. However, we identified gaps between the model creation and its implementation for the use of decision-makers for policy design. We aim to cover these gaps by proposing a discrete mathematical model with parameters having intuitive meaning to be implemented to help decision-makers in control policy design. The model considers novel contagion probabilities, quarantine, and diffusion processes to represent the recovery and mortality dynamics. We applied mathematical model for COVID-19 to Colombia and some of its localities; moreover, the model structure could be adapted for other diseases. Subsequently, we implemented it on a web platform (MathCOVID) for the usage of decision-makers to simulate the effect of policies such as lock-downs, social distancing, identification in the contagion network, and connectivity among populations. Furthermore, it was possible to assess the effects of migration and vaccination strategies as time-dependent inputs. Finally, the platform was capable of simulating the effects of applying one or more policies simultaneously.

Persistent Sciatic Artery with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a congenital malformation due to incomplete involution during the embryonic period. Its etiology is unknown, with an estimated incidence of 0.02 - 0.04% in the whole population and a mean age of 60-65 years. Its presentation can be bilateral. It is asymptomatic in most cases and is usually detected accidentally; however, some symptoms may appear, such as claudication, sciatic neuralgia, and pain in the affected limb. It can also manifest as an aneurysmal dilatation or thrombosis that can generate distal embolism with ischemia. CASE REPORT: In this case study, a patient in her 90s with a suspected peripheral arterial disease, which required an angiotomography of the lower limb, showing a superficial femoral artery running to the middle and distal third of the thigh and a vascular structure running in the sciatic neurovascular bundle corresponding to a persistent sciatic artery presenting atherosclerotic changes and extensive occlusion, was presented. The patient's treatment was clinical with dual antiplatelet therapy and prophylactic anticoagulation. This was due to comorbidities and age. Moreover, the PSA occlusion was not critical and did not significantly impact the patient's quality of life. CONCLUSION: Most patients with this anatomical variant are asymptomatic all their lives, but some of them may present symptoms with serious consequences. It is important to suspect it by clinical presentation and perform diagnostic confirmation by angiotomography. Treatment has yielded excellent results with endovascular techniques. Certain patients only require conservative treatment with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents.

Multiple sclerosis with megacystic presentation: A case report.

Multiple sclerosis is a frequent condition where the diagnosis relies on clinical presentation, neurologic examination, cerebro spinal fluid markers, and diagnostic imaging tests; however, atypical variants of the disease can lead to misdiagnosis in some scenarios. Herein, we describe a case of a 24-year-old patient with multiple sclerosis with megacystic plaques, in which appropriate interpretation of the imaging findings lead to a proper diagnosis and treatment.

Discrete Models in Epidemiology: New Contagion Probability Functions Based on Real Data Behavior.

Mathematical modeling is a tool used for understanding diseases dynamics. The discrete-time model is an especial case in modeling that satisfactorily describes the epidemiological dynamics because of the discrete nature of the real data. However, discrete models reduce their descriptive and fitting potential because of assuming a homogeneous population. Thus, in this paper, we proposed contagion probability functions according to two infection paradigms that consider factors associated with transmission dynamics. For example, we introduced probabilities of establishing an infectious interaction, the number of contacts with infectious and the level of connectivity or social distance within populations. Through the probabilities design, we overcame the homogeneity assumption. Also, we evaluated the proposed probabilities through their introduction into discrete-time models for two diseases and different study zones with real data, COVID-19 for Germany and South Korea, and dengue for Colombia. Also, we described the oscillatory dynamics for the last one using the contagion probabilities alongside parameters with a biological sense. Finally, we highlight the implementation of the proposed probabilities would improve the simulation of the public policy effect of control strategies over an infectious disease outbreak.

Clinical and CT patterns to predict EGFR mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine if the presence of specific clinical and computed tomography (CT) patterns are associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was carried out in 6 databases between January 2002 and July 2021. The relationship between clinical and CT patterns to detect EGFR mutation was measured and pooled using odds ratios (OR). These results were used to build several mathematical models to predict EGFR mutation. RESULTS: 34 retrospective diagnostic accuracy studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that ground-glass opacities (GGO) have an OR of 1.86 (95%CI 1.34 -2.57), air bronchogram OR 1.60 (95%CI 1.38 - 1.85), vascular convergence OR 1.39 (95%CI 1.12 - 1.74), pleural retraction OR 1.99 (95%CI 1.72 - 2.31), spiculation OR 1.42 (95%CI 1.19 - 1.70), cavitation OR 0.70 (95%CI 0.57 - 0.86), early disease stage OR 1.58 (95%CI 1.14 - 2.18), non-smoker status OR 2.79 (95%CI 2.34 - 3.31), female gender OR 2.33 (95%CI 1.97 - 2.75). A mathematical model was built, including all clinical and CT patterns assessed, showing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81. CONCLUSIONS: GGO, air bronchogram, vascular convergence, pleural retraction, spiculated margins, early disease stage, female gender, and non-smoking status are significant risk factors for EGFR mutation. At the same time, cavitation is a protective factor for EGFR mutation. The mathematical model built acts as a good predictor for EGFR mutation in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Sensitivity, uncertainty and identifiability analyses to define a dengue transmission model with real data of an endemic municipality of Colombia.

Dengue disease is a major problem for public health surveillance entities in tropical and subtropical regions having a significant impact not only epidemiological but social and economical. There are many factors involved in the dengue transmission process. We can evaluate the importance of these factors through the formulation of mathematical models. However, the majority of the models presented in the literature tend to be overparameterized, with considerable uncertainty levels and excessively complex formulations. We aim to evaluate the structure, complexity, trustworthiness, and suitability of three models, for the transmission of dengue disease, through different strategies. To achieve this goal, we perform structural and practical identifiability, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to these models. The results showed that the simplest model was the most appropriate and reliable when the only available information to fit them is the cumulative number of reported dengue cases in an endemic municipality of Colombia.

An alternative model to explain the vectorial capacity using as example Aedes aegypti case in dengue transmission.

Vectorial capacity (VC), as a concept that describes the potential of a vector to transmit a pathogen, has had historical problems related to lacks in dimensional significance and high error propagation from parameters that take part in the model to output. Hence, values estimated with those equations are not sufficiently reliable to consider in control strategies or vector population study. In this paper, we propose a new VC model consistent at dimensional level, i.e., the definition and the equation of VC have same and consistent units, with a parameter estimation method and mathematical structure that reduces the uncertainty in model output, using as a case of study an Aedes aegypti population of the municipality of Bello, Colombia. After a literature review, we selected one VC equation following biological, measurability and dimensional criteria, then we rendered a local and global sensitivity analysis, identifying the mortality rate of mosquitoes as a target component of the equation. Thus, we studied the Weibull and Exponential distributions as probabilistic models that represent the expectation of mosquitoes infective life, intending to include the best distribution in a selected VC structure. The proposed mortality rate estimation method includes a new parameter that represents an increase or decrease in vector mortality, as it may apply. We noticed that its estimation reduces the uncertainty associated with the expectation of mosquitoes' infective life expression, which also reduces the output range and variance in almost a half.

Caracterización del Programa Familia Canguro / Characterization of the Program Family Kangaroo / Caracterização do Programa Família Canguru

Introducción: el Método Madre Canguro (MMC) es una alternativa de cuidado neonatal para el recién nacido pretérmino o de bajo peso al nacer. Se realiza ambulatoriamente basado en el contacto piel a piel entre cuidador y recién nacido, junto con la implementación de lactancia materna exclusiva, medidas esenciales para mejorar la calidad de vida de dicha población. Objetivo: determinar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de la población perteneciente al Programa Familia Canguro en un hospital de alta complejidad de la Ciudad de Medellín (Colombia) durante el periodo 2015-2016. Método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron neonatos prematuros y de bajo peso al nacer pertenecientes al Programa Familia Canguro entre 2015 y 2016. Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedades congénitas o cuyas madres no podían dar lactancia materna por fallecimiento o cualquier condición que las incapacitara para ello. Resultados: la edad materna promedio fue de 26 años, y el 47 % eran amas de casa; la enfermedad más común durante el embarazo fue la preeclampsia. La gran mayoría de los bebés canguro eran del sexo masculino (51,1 %), con un peso promedio al nacer de 2195; el 60 % de los niños tenía lactancia materna exclusiva al ingreso del programa, y un porcentaje menos amplio (34 %) complementaba la lactancia con leche de fórmula. Conclusiones: la población perteneciente al Programa Familia Canguro demostró tener características sociodemográficas similares a las reportadas en otras investigaciones; sin embargo, se presentaron estrategias de salud pública particulares para responder a las necesidades de esta población.

Introduction: The Mother Kangaroo Method (MKM) is a neonatal care alternative for low-weight newborn or preterm babies. It is an outpatient method based on the direct skin contact between the caregiver and the newborn baby. It includes nurturing the baby only by breastfeeding, and some essential measures to improve the baby quality of life. Objective: To determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the population included in the program Family Kangaroo at a high-complexity hospital in Medellín (Colombia) during 2015- 2016. Method: It is a retrospective descriptive study including both low-weight newborn and preterm babies treated in the program Family Kangaroo during 2015 and 2016. Patients with congenital diseases, dead mothers or mothers unable to breastfeed mothers were excluded. Results: The average mother age was 26 years and 47% of them were housewives. The most frequently found disease in the pregnancy was the preeclampsia. Most of the babies Kangaroo were males (51.1 %), with an average weight at birth of 2195 grams. Sixty percent of them were nurtured only by breastfeeding when they entered in the program and 34% received formula as a supplementary feeding. Conclusions: The population included in the program Family Kangaroo had sociodemographic characteristics similar to those reported in other researches. However they provided specific public health strategies in response to the needs in this population.

Introdução: O Método Mae Canguru (MMC) é uma alternativa aos cuidados neonatais ao recém- nascido prematuro ou de baixo peso ao nascer. É realizado em nível ambulatorial baseado no contato pele a pele entre cuidador e recém-nascido, juntamente com a implementação do aleitamento materno exclusivo, medidas essenciais para melhorar a qualidade de vida de essa população. Objetivo: Determinar as características sociodemográficas e clínicas da população pertencente ao Programa Família Canguru em um hospital de alta complexidade da cidade de Medellín (Colômbia) durante o período 2015- 2016. Método: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo. Incluíram-se neonatos prematuros e de baixo peso ao nascer pertencentes ao Programa Família Canguru entre 2015 e 2016. Excluíram-se pacientes com doenças congénitas ou com mães que não podiam aleitar por morte ou qualquer condição que as incapacitasse para isso. Resultados: A idade materna média foi 26 anos e 47% foram donas de casa; a doença mais comum durante a gravidez foi pré-eclâmpsia. A grande maioria de crianças canguru foi do sexo masculino (51,1 %), com peso médio ao nascer de 2195; 60% das crianças teve aleitamento materno exclusivo na admissão ao programa, e uma percentagem menos amplo de 34% complementou a aleitação com leite em pó. Conclusões: A população pertencente ao Programa Família Canguru mostrou características sociodemográficas semelhantes às relatadas em outras pesquisas; no entanto, apresentaram-se estratégias de saúde pública particulares para responder às necessidades dessa população.

Correlation between Arterial Lactate and Central Venous Lactate in Children with Sepsis.

Introduction. Lactate is an important indicator of tissue perfusion. The objective of this study is to evaluate if there are significant differences between the arterial and central venous measurement of lactate in pediatric patients with sepsis and/or septic shock. Methods. Longitudinal retrospective observational study. Forty-two patients were included between the age of 1 month and 17 years, with a diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock, who were admitted to the intensive care unit of a university referral hospital. The lactate value obtained from an arterial blood sample and a central venous blood sample drawn simultaneously, and within 24 hours of admission to the unit, was recorded. Results. The median age was 2.3 years (RIC 0,3-15), with a predominance of males (71.4%), having a 2.5 : 1 ratio to females. Most of the patients had septic shock (78.5%) of pulmonary origin (50.0%), followed by those of gastrointestinal origin (26.1%). Using Spearman's Rho, a 0.872 (p < 0.001) correlation was found between arterial and venous lactate, which did not vary when adjusted for age (p < 0.05) and the use of vasoactive drugs (p < 0.05). Conclusion. There is a good correlation between arterial and venous lactate in pediatric patients with sepsis and septic shock, which is not affected by demographic variables or type of vasoactive support.

Tratamiento hipolipemiante y su efectividad en pacientes de cuatro ciudades colombianas / Lipid-lowering therapy and its effectiveness in patients from four Colombian cities

Resumen Introducción: la prevalencia de enfermedad cardiovascular ha aumentado, la hipercolesterolemia se ha asociado como factor de riesgo y se desconoce en algunas poblaciones cuántos pacientes logran el control metabólico. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del tratamiento hipolipemiante en pacientes afiliados al sistema de salud colombiano. Métodos: estudio de corte transversal para determinar la efectividad del tratamiento hipolipemiante en una muestra aleatoria de 211 pacientes adultos tratados con estatinas, en cuatro ciudades colombianas entre 2012 y 2013. Se obtuvieron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, cardiovasculares, farmacológicas y paraclínicas (Colesterol Total (CT), LDL, HDL, triglicéridos). Resultados: se encontró predominio femenino (56,4%), promedio de edad 64±12 años, tratados en monoterapia con atorvastatina 78.6% y lovastatina 19.9%. El 43.4% de los casos de alto riesgo alcanzó la meta de C-LDL. El promedio de colesterol-LDL inicial en pacientes con atorvastatina fue de 103.7±48.2 mg/dL y final fue 81.9±31.2 mg/dL con una reducción promedio de 21.0% de los valores, esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p<0.001). Ser tratado en la ciudad de Manizales (OR: 2.44; IC95%: 1.029-5.789; p=0.043) y tener historia personal de infarto agudo de miocardio (OR:2.96; IC95%: 1.256-6.980; p=0.013) se asociaron con aumento de la probabilidad de controlar la dislipidemia, mientras que ser tratado con lovastatina (OR:0.03; IC95%: 0.855-4.614; p=0.02) se asoció con disminución en la probabilidad de lograr el control. Discusión: el tratamiento hipolipemiante fue realizado principalmente con atorvastatina seguido por una baja proporción de lovastatina; sin embargo, los pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular tratados con este último tuvieron menor probabilidad de llegar al control metabólico. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 181-186).

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has increased; hypercholesterolemia has been associated as a risk factor and the number of patients achieving metabolic control in some populations is unknown. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy in patients affiliated to the Colombian Health System. Methods: A cross-sectional study to determine the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapy in a random sample of 211 adult patients treated with statins in four Colombian cities between 2012 and 2013. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, cardiovascular, pharmacological and paraclinical variables were obtained (total cholesterol (CT), LDL, HDL, triglycerides). Results: There was female predominance (56.4%), mean age 64 ± 12 years, 78.6% were treated with atorvastatin monotherapy and 19.9% with lovastatin. 43.4% of high-risk cases reached the target of C-LDL. The average initial LDL cholesterol in patients with atorvastatin was 103.7 ± 48.2 mg / dL and the final was 81.9 ± 31.2 mg / dL with an average reduction of 21.0% of the values. This difference was statistically significant (p <0.001). Being treated in the city of Manizales (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1029-5789; p = 0.043) and having personal history of acute myocardial infarction (OR: 2.96; 95% CI: 1256-6980; p = 0.013) were associated with increased likelihood of controlling dyslipidemia while being treated with lovastatin (OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0855-4614; p = 0.02) was associated with decreased likelihood of achieving control. Discussion: lipid-lowering therapy was performed mainly with atorvastatin followed by a low proportion of lovastatin; however patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with the latter were less likely to get metabolic control. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 181-186).

Early Detection for Dengue Using Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) Analysis.

Dengue is a viral disease caused by a flavivirus that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. There is currently no specific treatment or commercial vaccine for its control and prevention; therefore, mosquito population control is the only alternative for preventing the occurrence of dengue. For this reason, entomological surveillance is recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) to measure dengue risk in endemic areas; however, several works have shown that the current methodology (aedic indices) is not sufficient for predicting dengue. In this work, we modified indices proposed for epidemic periods. The raw value of the epidemiological wave could be useful for detecting risk in epidemic periods; however, risk can only be detected if analyses incorporate the maximum epidemiological wave. Risk classification was performed according to Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) methodology. The modified indices were analyzed using several hypothetical scenarios to evaluate their sensitivity. We found that modified indices could detect spatial and differential risks in epidemic and endemic years, which makes them a useful tool for the early detection of a dengue outbreak. In conclusion, the modified indices could predict risk at the spatio-temporal level in endemic years and could be incorporated in surveillance activities in endemic places.

Broad histopathologic patterns of non-glabrous skin and glabrous skin from patients with a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus-part 1.

A prospective, controlled epidemiologic survey performed in El Bagre, Colombia revealed a new variant of endemic pemphigus disease, occurring in a gold mining region. The disease resembled Senear-Usher syndrome, and occurred in an endemic fashion. The aim of this study is to describe the most frequent histopathologic patterns in non-glabrous skin and in glabrous skin observed in these patients, and their clinical correlation. The study was performed on non-glabrous skin biopsies of 30 patients from the dominantly clinical affected areas (either on the chest, arms or face). Simultaneously, biopsies from the palms were obtained in 10 randomly chosen patients of the 30 total patients. The specimens were examined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The most common blisters observed were subcorneal, although in some cases intraspinous and subepidermal blisters were visualized. Our results showed a very heterogeneous pattern of histopathologic patterns in non-glabrous skin, which seemed to correlate with the clinical features. The most common pattern was typical pemphigus foliaceus-like, with some lupus erythematosus-like features. A non-specific, chronic dermatitis pattern prevailed in the clinically controlled patients taking daily corticosteroids. In the patients who have had the most severe and relapsing pemphigus, early sclerodermatous changes and scleredermoid alterations prevailed in their reticular dermis. In addition to the scleredermoid alterations, the reticular dermis showed a paucity of appendageal structures. On the contrary, in the palms, a similar pattern was seen in all cases, including thickening of the stratum corneum, hypergranulosis, edema in the papillary and reticular dermis and a dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. The direct immunofluorescence of the glabrous vs. the non-glabrous skin also showed some differences. We conclude that the histopathologic features of this new variant of endemic pemphigus are complex, therefore, classical histopathologic features previously described for superficial, endemic pemphigus cannot be used alone to diagnose this disease.

Rare clinical form in two patients affected by a new variant of endemic pemphigus in northern Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the authors described a new variant of endemic pemphigus foliaceus in rural areas surrounding El Bagre, Colombia, but without association with malignant tumors. METHODS: The authors' 10-year fieldwork provided the opportunity to observe various manifestations of El Bagre endemic pemphigus foliaceus, including the presence of bilateral plaques in pretibial areas. RESULTS: Based on personal experience and literature reviews, the authors have correlated the auto-antibody profile with the appearance of pretibial plaques. CONCLUSION: Since pretibial plaques occur in patients with both fogo selvagem and El Bagre variants of endemic pemphigus foliaceus, as well as in other forms of pemphigoid, these diseases must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinical, immunologic, and/or epidemiologic risk factors.

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to identify infected patients in the emergency room.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of the usefulness of criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) compared with the final diagnosis of infection in patients admitted to the emergency room of two university-based hospitals. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paul and Hospital General de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia. PATIENTS. Seven hundred thirty-four patients with suspected infection as main diagnosis for admittance into the emergency room. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios (LR) of SIRS criteria at admission were determined using, as gold standards, the diagnosis at the time of discharge based on clinical history and evolution, and microbiological confirmation of infection. SIRS criteria were met by 503 patients (68.5%); the discharge diagnosis of infection was found in 657 (89.4%) and 276 (37%) had microbiological confirmation. SIRS criteria exhibited a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 35%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 90%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 12% and positive LR of 1.06. There were no differences between the two gold standards. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of two or more SIRS criteria was of little usefulness for diagnosis of infection. It is necessary to work with new criteria and probably with biological markers, in order to obtain a simple, precise and operative definition of the sepsis phenomenon.

Descripción de una cohorte de pacientes con criterios de síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica en dos hospitales de tercer nivel / Description of a cohort of patients with criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in two third-level hospitals

Se ha considerado al síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica (SRIS), a la sepsis y a las complicaciones que de ellos se derivan, como responsables de un número importante de hospitalizaciones y consultas en los servicios de urgencias en centros de tercer nivel. En nuestro medio muchos aspectos relacionados con la epidemiología, la presentación clínica y la microbiología de estas entidades se encuentran aún por definir.Diseño: estudio de cohorte longitudinal.Población de estudio: pacientes hospitalizados por urgencias en dos hospitales de referencia, con criterios de SRIS de adquisición extrahospitalaria y etiología no traumática, entre agosto 1 de 1998 y marzo 31 de 1999.Metodología: recolección, en el momento de la admisión en urgencias, de variables relacionadas con las características clínicas, epidemiológicas microbiológicas de la cohorte.Resultados: 503 pacientes ingresaron al estudio. El rango de edad osciló entre 14 y 97 años, con un promedio de 49 años. El 46.5 por ciento fueron mujeres. El 27.8 por ciento fueron amas de casa, desempleados el 12.7 por ciento y agricultores el 4.9 por ciento. El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue de 11.3 días. Los principales diagnósticos de ingreso fueron neumonía, sepsis e infección de tejidos blandos. Los gérmenes más frecuentemente aislados en sangre fueron Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae y Escherichia coli, Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron choque (17.2 por ciento) y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (13.1 por ciento). El 58.8 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de origen infeccioso sin germen cultivado, y entre estos los síndromes predominantes fueron neumonía e infecciones de tejidos blandos. Conclusiones: el SRIS y la sepsis son entidades frecuentes en nuestros hospitales. La población estudiada es heterogénea en cuanto a sus características epidemiológicas, microbiológicas y la edad de los pacientes, pero parece diferenciarse claramente de otras latitudes en cuanto a población más joven y menor tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Aunque clínicamente se tenga un síndrome infeccioso, en un número importante de pacientes no se aislan los gérmenes responsables. Los principales diagnósticos de ingreso y los microorganismos documentados muestran similitudes con lo informado en la literatura mundial.

Introduction: The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and their complications have been considered as an important cause of consult and admission at emergency third-level centers. In our region, many aspects related with epidemiology, clinical presentation and microbiology of this illness are still not defined. Type of study: Longitudinal cohort study. Population: Hospitalized patients who entered through emergency services at reference hospitals, with non-traumatic community-acquired SIRS criteria, between August 1, 1998 and March 31, 1999. Methods: Recollection of clinical, epidemiological and microbiological information on patients with SIRS criteria at admission to emergency services. Results: 503 patients were admitted to the study; age range was between 14 and 97 years, mean 49 years. 46.5% were women, 27.8% were housekeeping women, 12.7% unemployed and 4.9% farmers. Average time of hospitalization was 11.7 days. The main diagnoses at admission were pneumonia, sepsis and soft tissue infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were the most commonly isolated bacteria on blood cultures. Shock (17.2%) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (13.1%) were the most common complications. In 58.8% of patients with clinical infectious SIRS, blood cultures were negative; pneumonia and soft tissue infection were the most common diagnoses in this group Conclusion: SIRS and sepsis are common entities in our hospitals. The population of study is heterogeneous in epidemiological, microbiological and age aspects, compared with other regions where it is older and remain hospitalized for longer periods. Although patients with SIRS have clinically an infectious origin, in an important number of them, blood cultures are negative. Main diagnoses of patients with SIRS at admission and the microorganisms isolated from them were similar in our study to those reported in the literature