ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The retina, as part of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited capacity for self-reparation and regeneration in mammals, is under cumulative environmental stress due to high-energy demands and rapid protein turnover. These stressors disrupt the cellular protein and metabolic homeostasis, which, if not alleviated, can lead to dysfunction and cell death of retinal neurons. One primary cellular stress response is the highly conserved unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR acts through three main signaling pathways in an attempt to restore the protein homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by various means, including but not limited to, reducing protein translation, increasing protein-folding capacity, and promoting misfolded protein degradation. Moreover, recent work has identified a novel function of the UPR in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function, disturbance of which contributes to neuronal degeneration and dysfunction. The role of the UPR in retinal neurons during aging and under disease conditions in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been explored over the past two decades. Each of the disease conditions and their corresponding animal models provide distinct challenges and unique opportunities to gain a better understanding of the role of the UPR in the maintenance of retinal health and function. METHOD: We performed an extensive literature search on PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: unfolded protein response, metabolism, ER stress, retinal degeneration, aging, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We summarize recent advances in understanding cellular stress response, in particular the UPR, in retinal diseases, highlighting the potential roles of UPR pathways in regulation of cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function in retinal neurons. Further, we provide perspective on the promise and challenges for targeting the UPR pathways as a new therapeutic approach in age- and disease-related retinal degeneration.
Subject(s)
Retinal Degeneration , Animals , Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Mammals , Retinal Degeneration/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , Unfolded Protein ResponseABSTRACT
BSe realiza un análisis del grado de infección por Streptococcus mutans utilizando la técnica de Matsukubo y el 60
presentaba una elevada infección; el grado de infección y su distribución por grupos de edades y sexo son elementos que al relacionarse con la existencia de caries, permiten conocer la eficacia de las acciones preventivas en dicha área, lo que favorece la identificación de los riesgos y de los procedimientos adecuados para la evaluación del programa
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Humans , Male , Female , Streptococcus mutans , Bacterial Infections , National Health Programs , Epidemiologic MethodsABSTRACT
BSe realiza un análisis del grado de infección por Streptococcus mutans utilizando la técnica de Matsukubo y el 60 % presentaba una elevada infección; el grado de infección y su distribución por grupos de edades y sexo son elementos que al relacionarse con la existencia de caries, permiten conocer la eficacia de las acciones preventivas en dicha área, lo que favorece la identificación de los riesgos y de los procedimientos adecuados para la evaluación del programa
