Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis.

BACKGROUND: The role of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in the management glomerular/systemic autoimmune diseases with proteinuria in real-world clinical settings is unclear. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational, international cohort study. Adult patients with biopsy-proven glomerular diseases were included. The main outcome was the percentage reduction in 24-h proteinuria from SGLT2i initiation to 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included percentage change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria reduction by type of disease and reduction of proteinuria ≥30% from SGLT2i initiation. RESULTS: Four-hundred and ninety-three patients with a median age of 55 years and background therapy with renin-angiotensin system blockers were included. Proteinuria from baseline changed by -35%, -41%, -45% and -48% at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after SGLT2i initiation, while eGFR changed by -6%, -3%, -8% and -10.5% at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. Results were similar irrespective of the underlying disease. A correlation was found between body mass index (BMI) and percentage proteinuria reduction at last follow-up. By mixed-effects logistic regression model, serum albumin at SGLT2i initiation emerged as a predictor of ≥30% proteinuria reduction (odds ratio for albumin <3.5 g/dL, 0.53; 95% CI 0.30-0.91; P = .02). A slower eGFR decline was observed in patients achieving a ≥30% proteinuria reduction: -3.7 versus -5.3 mL/min/1.73 m2/year (P = .001). The overall tolerance to SGLT2i was good. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SGLT2i was associated with a significant reduction of proteinuria. This percentage change is greater in patients with higher BMI. Higher serum albumin at SGLT2i onset is associated with higher probability of achieving a ≥30% proteinuria reduction.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with renal involvement: Analysis of 89 cases. / Vasculitis asociada a anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de neutrófilo con afectación renal: análisis de 89 casos.

INTRODUCTION: The anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis with renal involvement are associated with high morbi-mortality. In this study we analyse if the prognosis of these diseases have improved in recent years, and which factors influence the outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective single-centre observational study, which included all patients diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis with renal involvement in the last 25 years. Demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters of prognostic interest were recorded. The differences between four chronological periods were analysed, along with the determinants of a poor outcome (death or end-stage renal disease). RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients were included (mean age 64±15 years). Sixty-four patients (72%) had microscopic polyangiitis and 25 (28%) granulomatosis with polyangiitis. During the study period, 37 (42%) patients died. Through Cox regression analysis, the best determinants of mortality were the initial glomerular filtration rate (HR 0.911; P=.003), Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.513; P<.0001) and tobacco smoking (HR 1.816; P=.003). 35% developed end-stage renal disease, and the best determinants (by competing-risk regression) were: initial glomerular filtration rate (sub-hazard ratio [SHR]: 0.791; P<.0001), proteinuria (SHR: 1.313; P<.0001), and smoking status (SHR: 1.848; P=.023). No differences were found in patients' mortality or renal survival between the different study periods. CONCLUSIONS: Prognosis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies vasculitis with renal involvement treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapy remains unsatisfactory, and continues to have increased long-term complications and mortality.

Vasculitis asociada a anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de neutrófilo con afectación renal: análisis de 89 casos / Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with renal involvement: Analysis of 89 cases

Introducción: Las vasculitis con anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de neutrófilo con afectación renal se asocian con una elevada morbimortalidad. En este estudio se analiza si el pronóstico de estas vasculitis ha mejorado en los últimos años, y cuáles son los factores que condicionan su evolución. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de observación que incluyó a pacientes con poliangitis microscópica y granulomatosis con poliangitis con afectación renal diagnosticados en nuestro hospital durante los últimos 25 años. Se recogieron los parámetros demográficos, clínicos y bioquímicos de interés pronóstico, y se analizaron las diferencias según 4 períodos cronológicos, así como los determinantes de una peor evolución (muerte o insuficiencia renal terminal). Resultados: Se incluyeron 89 pacientes (edad media 64 ± 15 años). Sesenta y cuatro pacientes (72%) presentaban poliangitis microscópica y 25 (28%) granulomatosis con poliangitis. Durante el período de estudio, 37 (42%) pacientes fallecieron. Mediante análisis de regresión de Cox, los determinantes de mortalidad fueron el filtrado glomerular basal (HR 0,911; p = 0,003), índice de Charlson (HR 1,513; p < 0,0001) y exposición al tabaco (HR 1,816; p = 0,003). El 35% desarrolló insuficiencia renal terminal. Los mejores determinantes de este acontecimiento (en competencia de riesgo por muerte) fueron: filtrado glomerular basal (sub-hazard ratio [SHR]: 0,791; p < 0,0001), proteinuria (SHR: 1,313; p < 0,0001), y hábito tabaco (SHR: 1,848; p = 0,023). No se observaron diferencias en la supervivencia total o renal en los diferentes períodos estudiados. Conclusiones: El pronóstico de las vasculitis con anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de neutrófilo con afectación renal y tratamiento inmunosupresor convencional sigue siendo desfavorable, asociándose con numerosas complicaciones y elevada mortalidad (AU)

Introduction: The anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis with renal involvement are associated with high morbi-mortality. In this study we analyse if the prognosis of these diseases have improved in recent years, and which factors influence the outcomes. Material and methods: Retrospective single-centre observational study, which included all patients diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis with renal involvement in the last 25 years. Demographic, clinical and biochemical parameters of prognostic interest were recorded. The differences between four chronological periods were analysed, along with the determinants of a poor outcome (death or end-stage renal disease). Results: Eighty-nine patients were included (mean age 64 ± 15 years). Sixty-four patients (72%) had microscopic polyangiitis and 25 (28%) granulomatosis with polyangiitis.During the study period, 37 (42%) patients died. Through Cox regression analysis, the best determinants of mortality were the initial glomerular filtration rate (HR 0.911; P = .003), Charlson comorbidity index (HR 1.513; P < .0001) and tobacco smoking (HR 1.816; P = .003). 35% developed end-stage renal disease, and the best determinants (by competing-risk regression) were: initial glomerular filtration rate (sub-hazard ratio [SHR]: 0.791; P < .0001), proteinuria (SHR: 1.313; P < .0001), and smoking status (SHR: 1.848; P = .023). No differences were found in patients’ mortality or renal survival between the different study periods. Conclusions: Prognosis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies vasculitis with renal involvement treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapy remains unsatisfactory, and continues to have increased long-term complications and mortality (AU)

An Unexpected Cause of Severe Hypokalemia.

We describe an unusual case of severe hypokalemia with electrocardiographic changes, due to licorice consumption, in a 15-year-old female student with no previous medical history. Prompt replacement of potassium and cessation of licorice ingestion resulted in a favourable outcome. We also discuss the pathophysiology and diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of a detailed anamnesis to rule out an often forgotten cause of hypokalemia as the licorice poisoning.