Evaluation of the protective effects of morin against acrylamide-induced lung toxicity by biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Acrylamide (ACR) has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. From past to present, various plants or their products have been used for therapeutic purposes such as morin. It was aimed to detect possible protective effects of morin vs ACR-induced lung toxicity. The rats, treated with ACR alone or with morin for 10 consecutive days, were included in the study. A broad variety of biomarkers related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory responses were evaluated. ACR increased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), Beclin-1, IL-1ß, bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, light chain 3-A (LC3-A), and light chain 3-B (LC3-B) levels but reduced mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), b-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) in lung tissues. The morin had effects on the level of these molecules in a way that is opposite to ACR. While ACR-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic, autophagic, inflammatory responses, and may cause pulmonary dysfunction, the morin reduced ACR-induced lung damage. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: ACR is a toxic chemical produced by frying, baking, roasting, or grilling foods with high starch content and has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. As an antioxidant compound, the morin is obtained from plants or their products. It was aimed to detect possible protective effects of morin against ACR-induced lung toxicity. It was detected that ACR-induced oxidative stress, apoptotic, autophagic, inflammatory responses, and may cause pulmonary dysfunction, but the morin reduced ACR-induced lung damage.

Evaluation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and metalloproteinases in the lungs of rats treated with cadmium and carvacrol.

BACKGROUND: The potential protective properties of carvacrol (CRV), which possesses various biological and pharmacological properties, against lung toxicity caused by cadmium (Cd), a major environmental pollutant, were investigated in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the study, rats were given 25 or 50 mg/kg CRV orally 30 min after administrating 25 mg/kg cadmium chloride for seven days. Subsequently, the levels of 8-OHdG, MMP-2, and MMP-9, as well as markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, were analyzed in the lung tissue of the animals. The results revealed that CRV exhibited antioxidant characteristics and raised SOD, CAT, GPx, and CAT levels and decreased the MDA levels induced by Cd. It also suppressed proinflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of CRV NF-κB and p38 MAPK, thus exerting an anti-inflammatory effect against Cd. It was found that the levels of Bax, Caspase-3, and cytochrome c increased by Cd were decreased by the application of CRV. CRV also showed an anti-apoptotic effect by increasing Bcl-2 levels. The levels of 8-OHdG, MMP2, and MMP9, which increased with Cd administration, were observed to reduce after treatment with CRV. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CRV has protective properties against Cd-induced lung toxicity.

Approach to Traumatic Diaphragm Injuries: Single Center Experience.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic diaphragm injuries are rare. After blunt trauma, injuries occur with a 1-7% rate. This rate increases up to 15% in penetrating injuries. Diagnosis may be diffi cult and imaging tests may be misleading. The misdiagnosis may lead to herniated abdominal organs towards the intrathoracic cavity, with a mortality rate between 30% and 60%. This study was designed to investigate the data of patients operated for diaphragmatic injury in our clinic. METHODS: The files of trauma patients admitted to our hospital between 2014-2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The files of cases with diaphragmatic injury were examined. Patients were evaluated in terms of age, sex, type of injury, localization, additional organ injuries, grade, surgical method, and mortality. Values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 20 patients were included in the study. Of the patients, 7 were female and 13 were male. The mean age was 32.7 (17-52) years. Of the cases, 10 were with stab wounds while 4 were incar traffi c accidents and 6 were gunshot wounds. Although all patients had thoracoabdominal injuries, 4 patients had additional pelvic injuries. Of the cases, 14 were accompanied with lung injury while 5 with intestinal, 4 with the spleen, 3 with liver, and 2 with cardiovascular injury. Patients with intestinal resection performed had a longer hospitalization period than others. When the severity of the injury was evaluated, grade 3 injuries were detected most commonly, whereas 3 patients had grade 1, 2, and 4 injuries. Grade 5 injury was detected in 1 patient. Primary repair was performed in 18 patients and mesh repair was performed in 2 patients. In three cases, the repair was performed with a thoracic way. One patient died on the postoperative fi rst day. CONCLUSIONS: Diaphragmatic injuries that may be missed during imaging may be damaged with many organs. Diaphragmatic injuries should be kept in mind in the upper abdominal and thoracic injuries.

Long-term efficacy of expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze both short-term and long-term results of the expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty surgery, which is commonly used in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to compare it with objective and subjective methods. METHODS: Patients who underwent expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty were included in the study. Polysomnography at postoperative sixth-month, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and visual analog score of snoring (VAS) were used to assess short-term results. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and visual analog score of snoring (VAS) at postoperative third-year were used for long-term results. Sixth-month and third-year data before and after the surgery were compared. Possible complications and morbidity rates related to surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 39 patients, OSAS was assessed as mild in 16 (41%), moderate in 14 (36%), and severe in 9 (23%). Mean age of patients was 43.2 ± 7.5, and 21 were men (54%). According to postoperative six-month PSG data, the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) values decreased significantly from 25.2 ± 8.3 to 11.6 ± 6.9/h, p=0.012. There were decreases in ESS from baseline to 6-month and 3-years from 10.4, to 4.4, and 4.4, and VAS scores changed from 8.6 to 1.6 and 1.9, p<0.05. No serious complications were observed in patients in the early and late postoperative period. CONCLUSION: The expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty procedure is an important option for OSAS surgery with long-term effective results and low morbidity and complication rates.

Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions as a promising biomarker for the detection of brain hypoxia levels caused by different doses of carbon monoxide poisoning.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there is any relationship between mean argyrophilic nucleolar organizing regions (AgNOR) number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) ratio and the levels of brain hypoxia after exposure to different acute doses of carbon monoxide (CO) gas. METHODS: Each experimental group was exposed to CO gas (concentrations of 1,000, 3,000 and 5,000 ppm). Then, the rats were anesthetized, and blood samples were taken from the right jugular vein for carboxyhemoglobin levels detection. The rats were sacrificed on seventh day. AgNOR staining was applied to brain tissues. TAA/TNA and mean AgNOR number were detected for each nucleus. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected among all groups for TAA/TNA ratio, mean AgNOR number and carboxyhemoglobin level. According to a double comparison of groups, the differences between control and 1,000 ppm, control and 3,000 ppm, control and 5,000 ppm, and between 1,000 and 5,000 ppm were significant for TAA/TNA ratio. When mean AgNOR number was considered, significant differences were detected between control and 1,000 ppm, control and 3,000 ppm, control and 5,000 ppm, and between 1,000 and 3,000 ppm. CONCLUSION: AgNOR proteins may be used for early detection of the duration, intensity, and damage of brain injury caused by CO poisoning. Thus, effective treatment strategies can be developed for the prevention of hypoxic conditions.

OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del estudio es investigar si existe alguna relación entre el número medio de regiones organizadoras nucleolares argirófilas (AgNOR) y la proporción de área total de AgNOR/área nuclear total (TAA/TNA) y los niveles de ­hipoxia cerebral en la exposición a diferentes dosis agudas de gas monóxido de carbono (CO). MÉTODOS: Cada grupo experimental fue expuesto a gas CO (concentraciones de 1,000, 3,000 y 5,000 ppm). Luego las ratas fueron anestesiadas, se tomaron muestras de sangre de la vena yugular derecha para la detección de los niveles de carboxihemoglobina. Las ratas se sacrificaron el séptimo día. Se aplicó tinción con AgNOR en los tejidos cerebrales. Se detectaron el TAA/TNA y el número medio de AgNOR para cada núcleo. RESULTADOS: Se detectaron diferencias significativas entre todos los grupos para la relación TAA/TNA, el número medio de AgNOR y el nivel de carboxihemoglobina. Según la doble comparación de grupos, las diferencias entre control y 1,000 ppm, control y 3,000 ppm, control y 5,000 ppm y 1,000 y 5,000 ppm fueron significativas para la relación TAA/TNA. Cuando se consideró el número de AgNOR medio, se detectaron diferencias significativas entre control y 1,000ppm, control y 3,000ppm, control y 5,000 ppm y 1,000 y 3,000 ppm. CONCLUSIÓN: Las proteínas AgNOR pueden usarse para la detección temprana de la duración, intensidad y daño de la lesión cerebral causada por la intoxicación por CO. Por lo tanto, se pueden desarrollar estrategias de tratamiento efectivas para la prevención de condiciones hipóxicas.