The effect of mouth prop on endotracheal tube intracuff pressure in children during dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia.

Although the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff may be associated with tracheal morbidity, cuffed tubes may reduce the aspiration risk in oral procedures. Dentists must use a mouth prop to facilitate oral visualization and to protect the oral soft tissues during dental rehabilitation under general anaesthesia (DRGA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mouth prop on endotracheal tube intracuff pressure in children during DRGA. Two-hundred and three ASA I-II patients, <18 years of age (mean: 5.3 ± 2.4 years) were included in the prospective observational study whose comprehensive dental treatment was performed under general anaesthesia. Following the induction of general anaesthesia, placement of a cuffed endotracheal tube which was an appropriate size for children was fixed. The intracuff pressure was measured intermittently after the intubation (baseline) (T0), immediately after the mouth prop (T1), 30 min after the mouth prop (T2), after taking out the mouth prop (T3) and just before extubation (T4). The mean intracuff pressure was 28.3 ± 2.01 cm H2O at T0. The mean intracuff pressure significantly increased at T1 (30.8 ± 2.7) and T2 (29.6 ± 3.7) compared to T0 (P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the duration of the procedure and intracuff pressure or postoperative complications (P > 0.05). Cough, sore throat and nausea were observed in 4, 1 and 5 patients, respectively. Because a mouth prop may increase the intracuff pressure of ETT, strict measurement and readjustment of cuff pressures should be employed when used in children during DRGA.

Comparison of ketamine-propofol and ketamine-dexmedetomidine combinations in children for sedation during tooth extraction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of ketamine-propofol and ketamine-dexmedetomidine drugs in children for sedation during tooth extraction. METHODS: The randomised, prospective study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey, from September to November 2013, and comprised children who were due to undergo tooth extraction. Non-invasive blood pressures (systolic and diastolic), peripheral oxygen saturation, heart and respiratory rates and Ramsay Sedation Scores were assessed at baseline, after applying the drugs and then every 5 minutes thereafter. Further, the ketamine-propofol group received 1mg kg-1 of ketamine and propofol, and the ketamine-dexmedetomidine group received 1mg kg-1 of ketamine + 0.5 µg kg1 of dexmedetomidine. RESULTS: Of the 60 participants, there were 30 (50%) in each group. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of heart rate, non-invasive blood pressures at any time and the number of drug repetitions (p>0.05). Nausea-vomiting was statistically higher in the ketamine-dexmedetomidine group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ketamine-propofol might be a better option due to lower vomiting and nausea episodes and higher surgeon satisfaction levels.

Intravenous ketamine, propofol and propofol-ketamine combination used for pediatric dental sedation: A randomized clinical study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Dental treatments cannot bealways performed under local anesthesia inpediatric non-cooperative patients. For this purpose, differentanesthetic techniques have been applied to increase patient comport to dental treatments. METHODS: Sixty children classified as ASA I-II, between aged 3 to 9, who were scheduled to undergo tooth extraction, were enrolled for this randomized study. Group K received 1 mg/kg ketamine, Group P received 1 mg/kg propofol, and Group KP received 0.5 mg/kg propofol plus 0.5 mg/kg ketamine intravenously for anesthesia induction. RESULTS: Recovery time was significantly lower in Group P than Group KP. No significant differences were found between groups regarding HR, before and after the induction, at tenth minute. Fifth minute's HR was higher in Group K than Group KP. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) values were similar at baseline, before and after the induction, and at tenth minute, whereas significantly lower values were found in Group P and Group KP than in Group K at fifth minute. CONCLUSIONS: Although ketamine, propofol and ketamine-propofol combination are effective for sedation in tooth extraction in pediatric patients, propofol may be an excellent alternative, with the shortest recovery, no nausea and vomiting, and reasonable surgical satisfaction.

Evaluation of effectiveness of the using a pillow in children for dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia in term for facilitate intubation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Airway safety may be provided with endotracheal intubation especially for oral procedures because of some potential risks such as aspiration of secretion or foreign bodies. In this study, we aimed to determine whether placing a pillow under the occiput may facilitate endotracheal intubation in non-cooperative children whose extensive dental treatments were planned to take place under general anesthesia. METHODS: The study was performed in Erciyes University, Faculty of Dentistry between March-July 2014. A total 150 ASA I-II children, between 3-9 years were included in this study. Pillow was folded under the occiput in Group 1 (n=75), patients lay on a flat surface in Group 2 (n=75) during the anesthesia induction and intubation period. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding the demographic data (age, weight, gender) (p>0.05). Operation times were similar in both groups (p=0.329). The number of intubation attempts was smilar in both groups (p=0.412). The intubation time was longer in group one than in group two (p= 0.025). CONCLUSION: We concluded that, placing a pillow under the patients occiput provided longer intubation time without changing the number of attempts in the normal airway in non-cooperative children whose extensive dental treatments were planned to take place under general anesthesia.

Comparison of interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular local anesthetic administration on postoperative pain management in arthroscopic shoulder surgery / Comparação de bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica e administração de anestésico local intra-articular no manejo da dor no pós-operatório de cirurgia artroscópica do ombro / Comparación de bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía interescalénica y administración de anestésico local intraarticular en el manejo del dolor en el postoperatorio de cirugía artroscópica del hombro

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, the aim was to compare postoperative analgesia effects of the administration of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular bupivacaine carried out with bupivacaine. METHODS: In the first group of patients 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block (ISPB) were applied, while 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine was given via intra-articular (IA) administration to the second group patients after surgery. Patients in the third group were considered the control group and no block was performed. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used in all three groups for postoperative analgesia. RESULTS: In the ISPB group, morphine consumption in the periods between 0-4, 6-12 and 12-24 postoperative hours and total consumption within 24 h was lower than in the other two groups. Morphine consumption in the IA group was lower than in the control group in the period from 0 to 6 h and the same was true for total morphine consumption in 24 h. Postoperative VASr scores in the ISPB group were lower than both of the other groups in the first 2 h and lower than the control group in the 4th and 6th hours (p < 0.05). In the IA group, VASr and VASm scores in the 2nd, 4th and 6th hours were lower than in the control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Interscalene brachial plexus block was found to be more effective than intra-articular local anesthetic injection for postoperative analgesia. .

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Comparar os efeitos na analgesia no pós-operatório da administração de bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica guiado por ultrassom e bupivacaína intra-articular, feito com bupivacaína. MÉTODOS: No primeiro grupo de pacientes, 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% e bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica guiado por ultrassom (BPBI) foram administrados, enquanto 20 mL de bupivacaína a 0,25% foram administrados por via intra-articular (IA) ao segundo grupo de pacientes após a cirurgia. Os pacientes do terceiro grupo foram considerados grupo controle e nenhum bloqueio foi feito. Analgesia controlada pelo paciente (ACP) com morfina foi usada nos três grupos para analgesia pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: No grupo BPBI, o consumo de morfina nos períodos entre 0-4, 6-12 e 12-24 horas após a cirurgia e o consumo total em 24 horas foram mais baixos do que nos outros dois grupos. O consumo de morfina no grupo IA foi menor do que no grupo controle no período de 0-6 horas, como também foi menor o consumo total de morfina em 24 horas. Os escores EVAr no pós-operatório do grupo BPBI foram menores do que os escores dos dois outros grupos nas primeiras duas horas e menores do que os do grupo controle nos períodos de 4 e 6 horas (p < 0,05). No grupo IA, os escores EVAr e EVAm nos períodos de 2, 4 e 6 horas foram menores do que no grupo controle (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica mostrou ser mais eficaz do que a injeção intra-articular de anestésico local para analgesia pós-operatória. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue comparar en el período postoperatorio los efectos analgésicos de la administración de la bupivacaína en el bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía interescalénica guiado por ecografía y bupivacaína intraarticular. MÉTODOS: En el primer grupo de pacientes se administraron 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25% y se llevó a cabo el bloqueo del plexo braquial por vía interescalénica (BPBI) guiado por ecografía, mientras que al segundo grupo de pacientes se le administraron 20 mL de bupivacaína al 0,25% por vía intraarticular (IA) tras la cirugía. Los pacientes del tercer grupo fueron considerados como grupo control y en ellos no se realizó ningún bloqueo. La analgesia controlada por el paciente con morfina se usó en los 3 grupos para la analgesia postoperatoria. RESULTADOS: En el grupo BPBI, el consumo de morfina en los períodos entre 0-4, 6-12 y 12-24 h del postoperatorio y el consumo total en 24 h fueron más bajos que en los otros 2 grupos. El consumo de morfina en el grupo IA fue menor que en el grupo control en el período de 0-6 h, como también fue menor el consumo total de morfina en 24 h. Las puntuaciones EVAr en el postoperatorio del grupo BPBI fueron menores que las de los otros 2 grupos en las primeras 2 h y menores que los del grupo control en los períodos de 4 y 6 h (p < 0,05). En el grupo IA, las puntuaciones EVAr y EVAm en los períodos de 2, 4 y 6 h fueron menores que en el grupo control (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: El BPBI mostró ser más eficaz que la inyección intraarticular de anestésico local para analgesia postoperatoria. .

Comparison of interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular local anesthetic administration on postoperative pain management in arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, the aim was to compare postoperative analgesia effects of the administration of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular bupivacaine carried out with bupivacaine. METHODS: In the first group of patients 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block (ISPB) were applied, while 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine was given via intra-articular (IA) administration to the second group patients after surgery. Patients in the third group were considered the control group and no block was performed. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used in all three groups for postoperative analgesia. RESULTS: In the ISPB group, morphine consumption in the periods between 0-4, 6-12 and 12-24 postoperative hours and total consumption within 24h was lower than in the other two groups. Morphine consumption in the IA group was lower than in the control group in the period from 0 to 6h and the same was true for total morphine consumption in 24h. Postoperative VASr scores in the ISPB group were lower than both of the other groups in the first 2h and lower than the control group in the 4th and 6th hours (p<0.05). In the IA group, VASr and VASm scores in the 2nd, 4th and 6th hours were lower than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Interscalene brachial plexus block was found to be more effective than intra-articular local anesthetic injection for postoperative analgesia.

[Comparison of interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular local anesthetic administration on postoperative pain management in arthroscopic shoulder surgery]. / Comparação de bloqueio do plexo braquial por via interescalênica e administração de anestésico local intra-articular no manejo da dor no pós-operatório de cirurgia artroscópica do ombro.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this study, the aim was to compare postoperative analgesia effects of the administration of ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block and intra-articular bupivacaine carried out with bupivacaine. METHODS: In the first group of patients 20mL 0.25% bupivacaine and ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block (ISPB) were applied, while 20mL 0.25% bupivacaine was given via intra-articular (IA) administration to the second group patients after surgery. Patients in the third group were considered the control group and no block was performed. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine was used in all three groups for postoperative analgesia. RESULTS: In the ISPB group, morphine consumption in the periods between 0-4, 6-12 and 12-24 postoperative hours and total consumption within 24h was lower than in the other two groups. Morphine consumption in the IA group was lower than in the control group in the period from 0 to 6h and the same was true for total morphine consumption in 24h. Postoperative VASr scores in the ISPB group were lower than both of the other groups in the first 2h and lower than the control group in the 4(th) and 6(th) hours (p<0.05). In the IA group, VASr and VASm scores in the 2(nd), 4(th) and 6(th) hours were lower than in the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Interscalene brachial plexus block was found to be more effective than intra-articular local anesthetic injection for postoperative analgesia.

Postoperative discomfort of dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To find out postoperative discomfort in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA). METHODS: This study involved 78 (4 to 10 year-old) healthy patients who were scheduled for DRGA and were needed extensive dental treatment because of severe caries, and showed high dental fear and/or behavioral management problems. The children had to be fit for DRGA administration by fulfilling the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II and no associated mental health or communication problems. Data were collected by structured interview either face to face (immediately post operation) or using a telephone (post operation after discharge). One of the study's investigators recorded all data related to the immediate postoperative period during the child's stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). The questionnaire consisted of questions related to postoperative problems experienced by the patient in the period after their day-stay attendance. The questionnaire, consisting of questions regarding and generally related to the child's activities. In addition, pain was assessed using the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) scale. RESULTS: The prevalence of postoperative problems was 46 out of 78 (59%). The mean FLACC score was 1.8 (SD=2.1). Some of the patients having more than one reported problem. Forty-one percent of the children showed nasal discomfort (P<0.01). Thirty-three percent and 43% of the children experienced throat or mouth discomfort. The most common experienced postoperative symptom after DRGA was bleeding. Nasal bleeding, however, was an uncommon complication and did not cause serious morbidity or mortality in children intubated nasotracheally. In addition, postoperative discomfort was related to number of the extractions. Children who had 4 or more extractions were more likely to experience pain. Findings associated with other bodily functions were assessed. Nausea and vomiting were reported in 20.5% of children. Twenty-six children (18%) had a fever. Thirty-nine (50.0%) parents reported that their children had problems eating. CONCLUSION: Post-operative discomfort was more with 4 or more extraction done under DRGA and that nasal bleeding was noted a uncommon post-operative symptom.

Assessing change in quality of life and dental anxiety in young children following dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia.

PURPOSE: This study's purpose was to investigate how young children's and parent/caregivers' oral health-related quality of life and children's dental fears were affected by dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA). METHODS: A consecutive clinical sample of dyads of parents/caregivers and their four- to six-year-old children who received DRGA were surveyed before and after DRGA. Parents/caregivers responded through a self-administered questionnaire [Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS)], and children received a dentist-administered questionnaire [children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale (CFSS-DS)]. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 311 children/caregiver dyads. One to six teeth were extracted in 91 percent of children. There was a 44 percent decrease in total ECOHIS scores following treatment (P<.001). Overall child impact section scores decreased 34 percent following treatment (P<.001), and family impact section scores decreased 65 percent (P<.001). CFSS-DS anxiety scores after dental treatment were significantly higher for 14 of 15 situations/conditions assessed (P<.001). There was a trend of higher CFSS-DS scores in children who received increasing numbers of extractions. CONCLUSION: Children's and parent/caregivers' quality of life improved after the children received dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia, and children's fears increased for all situations tested. The number of extractions the children received was associated with increased levels of fear.

Effect of palonosetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children following dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of three different intravenous (IV) doses of palonosetron compared with placebo for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia (DRGA) in the first 24 hours after discharge. METHODS: A total of 286 children who were classified with an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status of I and II, between three and 13 years old (mean=6.13 years old), and undergoing DRGA were enrolled in this study. The children were randomized to receive one of the three doses of palonosetron (0.0025 mg, 0.0050 mg, or 0.0075 mg) or placebo immediately before induction of anesthesia. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, the incidence of PONV was significantly lower in the palonosetron groups (P<.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences among the palonosetron groups regarding the number of children with PONV during all time periods after anesthesia (P<.05). CONCLUSION: A single 0.0025 mg intravenous dose of palonosetron is recommended for further evaluation, as it appears to be an effective dose for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia.