Protective and antigenotoxic effect of Ulva rigida C. Agardh in experimental hypothyroid.

The presence of chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells affected by several diseases such as thyroid, cancer etc., was detected by the micronucleus (MN) assay. The present study was designed to evaluate: i) volatile components of Ulva rigida, ii) effects of hypothyroidism on bone marrow MN frequency, iii) effects of oral administration of Ulva rigida ethanolic extract (URE) on MN frequency produced by hypothyroidism, and iv) thyroid hormone levels in normal and 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid rats. The volatile components of Ulva rigida was studied using a direct thermal desorption (DTD) technique with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF/MS). URE administration was of no significant impact on thyroid hormone levels in control group, while PTU administration decreased thyroid hormone levels compared to control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, URE supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in MN frequency in each thyroid group (p < 0.0001). This is the first in vivo study that shows the strong antigenotoxic and protective effect of URE against the genotoxicity produced by hypothyroidism.

Anti-hyperglycemic and antigenotoxic potential of Ulva rigida ethanolic extract in the experimental diabetes mellitus.

An increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and insufficient antioxidant activity is known in diabetes mellitus (DM). Antioxidant compounds in the human foods or supplementary diets can be used to counteract several diseases. The analysis of micronuclei (MN) is a cytogenetic technique used to show chromosomal damage caused by clastogenic affects. The present study was designed to evaluate: (i) the effects of diabetes mellitus on bone marrow MN frequency, (ii) the effect of oral administration of Ulva rigida ethanolic extract (URE) on MN frequency produced by DM, and (iii) some hematological values in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Daily fluid and food consumptions, weekly body weights, blood glucose concentrations and serum insulin levels were also examined in the study groups during the two different administration periods. The blood glucose concentration and MN frequency have been significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with the normal rats (p<0.0001). Especially, URE-30d group treatment in diabetic rats was significantly decreased blood glucose concentrations and MN frequency. This is the first report on the anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative and genotoxic/antigenotoxic capacity of U. rigida in vivo. Our results suggest that URE shows strong anti-hyperglycemic and antigenotoxic effect on the genotoxicity produced by DM in rats.

Evaluation of anti-oxidative, genotoxic and antigenotoxic potency of Codium tomentosum Stackhouse ethanolic extract in human lymphocytes in vitro.

The genome is constantly exposed to agents, both exogenous and endogenous, that damage DNA. Consequently, it is very important that determination of this agents and the protective agents. In this work, we evaluated the antigenotoxic/antimutagenic activity of the crude ethanolic extracts of Codium tomentosum Stackhouse (Chlorophyceae) (CTE), collected from The Coast of South East Marmara Sea, in human lymphocytes culture in vitro against genotoxic/mutagenic agents MMC, EMS and H(2)O(2) by using chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) assays as experimental endpoints. Also, in the present study, we determined total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity (in soluble lipid and water). In addition, total protein, total carbohydrate, vitamins (A, C and E) and pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotene) contents were also determined. Results of CA, SCE and MN tests show that CTEs have not shown genotoxic effect. In CTE plus MMC-, EMS- or H(2)O(2)- treated cultures, CA, SCE and MN frequency which induced by MMC, EMS or H(2)O(2) has been decreased significantly (p<0.05-0.001). This is the first report on genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity and anti-oxidative capacity of Codium tomentosum. Our results have clearly shown that CTE has strong anti-oxidative and antigenotoxic effect.

In vitro antigenotoxicity of Ulva rigida C. Agardh (Chlorophyceae) extract against induction of chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange and micronuclei by mutagenic agent MMC.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the in vitro possible clastogenic and cytotoxic activities of Ulva rigida crude extracts (URE), and identify their antigenotoxic and protective effects on chemotherapeutic agent mitomycine-C (MMC). METHODS: Anti-clastogenic and anti-genotoxic activities of Ulva rigida crude extracts (URE) were studied using chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and micronuclei (MN) tests in human lymphocytes cultured in vitro. RESULTS: The chromosome aberration, sister chromatid exchange or micronuclei tests showed that URE at concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 microg/mL had no clastogenic activity in human lymphocyte cell culture. Three doses of URE significantly decreased the number of chromosomal aberrations and the frequencies of SCE and MN when compared with the culture treated with MMC (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Although URE itself is not a clastogenic or cytotoxic substance, it possesses strong antigenotoxic, anti-clastogenic, and protective effects on MMC in vitro.