Morphometric analysis of hippocampus and intracranial formations based on their stages in patients diagnosed with major cognitive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major cognitive disorder classified as a common type of dementia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most practical method for diagnostic purposes in AD. The aim of the study was to determine the volume of the hippocampus and intracranial structures in AD using MRI. METHODS: A total of 102 patients with AD were classified based on the mini mental test scores as early, moderate, and advanced stage. The control group included 35 healthy subjects. MRI were compared between the patients and control groups based on the calculations made utilizing volBrain software. Intracranial volumetric parameters were also compared between the three stages of AD. RESULTS: The white matter volumes, total hippocampus, total cerebrum, right cerebrum, left cerebrum, truncus encephalic, total nucleus caudatus and total corpus amygdaloideum were significantly increased in the AD. The white matter volumes, right hippocampus, left hippocampus, total cerebrum, left cerebrum, and right cerebellum were significantly increased in the patients in the early stage compared to the patients in the advanced stage AD. DISCUSSION: The most efficient volumetric study in AD could be performed by obtaining long-term periodic morphometric data of an early diagnosed and regularly followed-up patient population.

Sural nerve harvest for infants: integrated with information based on anatomical dissections

Background/aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the course and possible variations of the sural nerve with all anatomical details in human fetal cadavers. Materials and methods: This study was performed on 60 fetal cadavers. Formation type and level of the sural nerve was detected. Results: According to trimesters, it was determined that the mean transverse and vertical distance between the lowest point of the LM and the SN varied between 1.1 and 2.9 mm and 1.54 and 3.58 mm, respectively. Type 2 was the most common seen type of sural nerve (35.83%). It was determined that the sural nerve was mostly formed at the middle third of the leg (42.5%). Conclusion: Sural nerve graft with the knowledge of the anatomical details may be used for peripheral nerve reconstruction is required in congenital lesions, such as facial paralysis, obstetric brachial paralysis, and posttraumatic lesions in infants and children.

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Retrosigmoid Approach to the Cerebellopontine Angle Using a Novel Surgical Instrument: A Cadaveric Study.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to describe how endoscopes show the neural and vascular structures at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) through a minimal craniotomy in a well-described anatomic point in the retrosigmoid region and at the same time, evaluate the endoscopic anatomic exposure and maneuverability. We planned to use the new surgical instrument (endoscope cannula), which we designed on fresh frozen cadavers to simulate a real surgical procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surgical procedure was planned to be performed on 20 sides of 10 fresh cadaver heads. The distance between the asterion and mastoid process was determined, and the midpoint was then marked. From this midpoint, a craniotomy 2 cm in size was posteriorly made. The endoscope cannula together with 0° or 30° endoscopes was inserted to capture the panoramic views of the neurovascular structures in CPA. Endoscopic anatomic exposure and maneuverability were evaluated using 0° and 30° endoscopes with/without the endoscope cannula. RESULTS: The surgeon could easily use both hands during the surgical simulation, and maneuverability was seen to increase in CPA with the use of the endoscope cannula. CONCLUSION: The surgeon can work actively with both hands when the endoscopes and the endoscope cannula are used together. We believe that owing to this, the surgeon's maneuverability would increase and a more effective minimally invasive endoscopic retrosigmoid surgery would ensue.

Morphometric analysis of suprarenal glands (adrenal glands) with multislice computerized tomography / Análisis morfométrico de glándulas suprarenales (glándulas adrenales) con tomografía computarizada multicorte

The aim of our study are to determine the shape, vertebrae level, height, volume, corpus medial and lateral branch thicknesses of AG and the distance from some neighboring structures on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) images and also to determine the relationship between these data and gender, age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI). The study was conducted on a total of 420 MDCT images consisted of 220 male (mean age 63.44±8.00, 50-81 years), 200 female (mean age 61.23±7.95, 50-84 years) healthy individuals. Vertebrae level of AG (VLAG), height of AG (HAG), adrenal gland volume (VAG), corpus thickness of AG (CTAG), medial section thickness of AG (MTAG) and lateral section thickness of AG (LTAG) were investigated. In our study, RAG were observed on T12 vertebrae level in 38.19 % of males and 42.5 % of females and LAG were also observed at that level in 39.55 % of the male and 51 % of the female individuals. RAG were observed in all males and 98.5 % of the females and LAG were observed 88.63 % of the males and 94 % of the females "Y" shaped. VAG were observed lower in males compared to females in age groups and VAG was observed increasing with age in males; decreased in 60-69 age group of females and increased again in 70 and plus age group. The aim of this study is to determine normal ranges of AG sizes and the relationship of each one with sex, age, height, weight and BMI.

Los objetivos de nuestro estudio fueron determinar la forma, el nivel vertebral, la altura, el volumen, el grosor de las ramas medial y lateral del cuerpo de glándulas suprarrenales (GSR) y la distancia de algunas estructuras vecinas en las imágenes de tomografía computada multidetector (TCMD) y determinar la relación entre estos datos y sexo, edad, estatura, peso e índice de masa corporal (IMC). El estudio se realizó en un total de 420 imágenes TCMD de 220 hombres (edad media 63,44 ± 8,00, 50-81 años) y 200 mujeres (edad media 61,23 ± 7,95, 50-84 años) todos sanos. Se investigó el nivel de la GSR respecto a las vértebras, la altura de GRS (AGSR), el volumen de la glándula suprarrenal (VGSR), el grosor del cuerpo, el espesor de la sección mediana de GSR (SMGSR) y el grosor de la sección lateral de GSR (SLGSR). En nuestro estudio, se observó la GSR derecha a nivel de vértebras T12 en el 38,19 % de los hombres y en el 42,5 % de las mujeres y la GSR izquierda se observó a ese nivel en el 39,55 % de los hombres y 51 % de las mujeres. La GSR se presentó en forma de «Y¼ en el lado derecho en todos los hombres y en el 98,5 % de las mujeres y en el lado izquierdo se observó en el 88,63 % de los hombres y 94 % de las mujeres. El VGSR era menor en los hombres en relación con las mujeres en los diferentes grupos de edad y aumentaba con la edad en los hombres; disminuyó en el grupo de 60-69 años de edad de las mujeres y aumentó nuevamente después de los 70 años.

Morphometric analysis of the inferior vena cava related to lumbar vertebra and the aortic bifurcation on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) / Análisis morfométrico de la vena cava inferior relacionado con las vértebras lumbares en la bifurcación aórtica mediante Tomografía Computadorizada Multidetector (TCMD)

Vascular structures are in greater danger during lumbar surgery. The purpose of this study is to describe the morphology of the inferior vena cava (IVC) related to the lumbar vertebra and aortic bifurcation (AB) and assessing the role of demographic values in these relations to decrease the risk of complications in the surgical interventions. The study was performed on Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) images of 100 male and 100 female cases with an age range from 50 to 84 years. The morphometric values of the IVC obtained from the coronal, sagittal and the axial reformatted images were measured and compared with the demographic values. The distance from the IVC to the 1st lumbar vertebra (L1) and 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2) were measured as (26.5 mm and 18.1 mm) in males and (21.1 mm and 14.2 mm) in females with a high level of significance between genders; the distance from the IVC to the iliocaval confluence (IC), 3rd lumbar vertebra (L3) and 4rd lumbar vertebra (L4) were measured as (6.5 mm, 10.5 mm and 6.9 mm) in males and (4.9 mm, 9.1 mm and 5.5 mm) in females with significance between genders. The level of the IC was detected 46 % of males, 39 % of females at the level of lower third of L4. The vertical distance between the IC and the AB was measured and negative correlation between genders based on age was detected. Demographic values are important to consider the relationship of the IVC, the lumbar vertebra and the AB. The IVC was located further from the lumbar vertebra in males compared to females. Age increase played role in the approaching of the AB and the IC to each other in both gender and the IC to the promontory level in males.

Las estructuras vasculares corren gran peligro durante la cirugía lumbar. El propósito de este estudio fue describir la morfología de la vena cava inferior (VCI) en relación con las vértebras lumbares y la bifurcación aórtica (BA), junto con evaluar los valores demográficos de estas relaciones para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones en las intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se utilizaron tomografías computadorizadas multidetector (TCMD) de 100 casos de hombres y mujeres entre 50 a 84 años de edad. Los valores morfométricos de la VCI se obtuvieron desde imágenes coronales y sagitales reformateadas, medidas y comparadas con los valores demográficos. Se midió la distancia de la VCI a la 1a (L1) y 2a vértebra lumbar (L2), en hombres de 26,5 mm y 18,1 mm respectivamente, y en mujeres de 21,1 mm y 14,2 mm, respectivamente, con un alto nivel de significancia entre el sexos. La distancia desde la VCI a la confluencia iliocava (CI), 3a (L3) y 4a vértebra lumbar (L4) fue para los hombres de 6,5 mm, 10,5 mm y 6,9 mm, respectivamente, y en mujeres de 4,9 mm, 9,1 mm y 5,5 mm respectivamente, con significancia entre los sexos. El nivel de la IC se detectó en 46 % de los varones y en el 39 % de las mujeres, a nivel de tercio inferior de L4. La distancia vertical entre la CI y la BA se tuvo una correlación negativa entre sexos en base a la edad. Los valores demográficos son importantes al considerar la relación de la VCI, las vértebras lumbares y la BA. La VCI se encuentra a una distancia mayor de las vértebras lumbares en hombres que en mujeres. El incremento de la edad jugó un papel importante en la aproximación de la BA y la IC, tanto entre sí como según sexo, con la CI a nivel del promontorio en los hombres.

The evaluation of morphometry of the mastoid process using multidetector computed tomography in a living population.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of the bony landmarks on the lateral surface of the mastoid process (MP). It was also the target of this study to reveal the importance of sexual dimorphism in terms of the mastoid triangle. Our study was performed on 140 (70 women, 70 men) multidetector computed tomography images obtained from patients who underwent radiologic examination at the Department of Radiology of Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University. The height of the MP was measured using 2 different ways. The distance between the mastoid apex and the midpoint of the distance of the porion and the mastoid notch was measured (mastoid height 1). Then, the distance between the Frankfurt horizontal plane and the mastoid apex was measured (mastoid height 2). The distances between porion-mastoid notch, porion-mastoid apex, porion-asterion, asterion-mastoid apex, articular tubercle-asterion, articular tubercle-mastoid apex, as well as the right and the left MP were also measured. Finally, the angles between porion-mastoid apex-asterion, mastoid apex-asterion- porion, and asterion-porion-mastoid apex were measured. All data were analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test. According to the results of the measurements, all right and left parameters of the men were higher than the women's right and left sides except for the angle between asterion-porion-mastoid apex. In addition, all right and left parameters were almost the same in both sexes. Having the knowledge of measurements of the distances between the major landmarks of the temporal bone is essential to avoid possible complications during facial, mastoid, and especially sigmoid sinus surgeries.

The evaluation of morphometry of nasal bone and pyriform aperture using multidetector computed tomography.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to measure nasal bone (NB) and pyriform aperture (PA), morphometrically. Besides, the different types of NB and PA were classified and determined the sexual differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study was performed on 120 (60 women, 60 men) multidetector computed tomography images obtained from patients who underwent radiologic examination in the Department of Radiology of Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University. The right, left, and median heights of NB; the superior and inferior widths of NB; the width of PA; and the distance between rhinion and anterior nasal spine (as the height of PA) were measured. Frontonasal and internasal angles were also determined. All data were analyzed statistically using Student's t-test. RESULTS: The other data of men were higher than of women except for the superior and inferior widths of NB and the frontonasal angle. We also determined the ratio of the height of PA to the height of NB on median plane and the ratio of the height of PA to the width of PA. They were found less than 2.0 in 64.2% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The NB and PA were classified into 8 and 7 different types, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of the morphometric data and different types of the NB and PA is essential for sex determination, all surgical procedures related to this area, and nasal reconstructions.

The morphometric analysis of the important bone structures on skull base in living individuals with multidetector computed tomography / Análisis morfométrico de las estructuras óseas importantes en base de cráneo de sujetos vivos mediante tomografía computarizada multidetector

In this study, it was aimed to determine the reliable morphometric data of the important bone structures on skull base using MDCT and to establish the differences of these data according to sex and lateralization. This study was retrospectively carried out on MDCT images in the Radiology Department of Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University. We evaluated the images of the 100 (male 50 ­ female 50) adult subjects without cranial trauma, surgery, and any deformity of the bone. The height and anteroposterior diameter of the hypophysial fossa (HFheight, HFanteroposterior), the length of the occipital condylus, anterior and posterior intercondylar distances (OCn, AID, PID); sagittal diameter, transverse diameter and area of the foramen magnum (FMsgt, FMtrn, FMarea) were all measured. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS. The summary of the data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Student's t test was used to compare the male-female and right-left measurements. The relation betweeen parameters was evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. It was observed that right and left data in all parameters were higher in males than females. Higher values were usually determined on the right side in both sexes. In both sexes, some parameters were highly correlated (P<0.001). We believe that the results of this study may be useful for new surgical approaches and radiological assessment concerning skull base.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar datos morfométricos confiables de las estructuras óseas importantes de la base de cráneo mediante tomografía computarizada multidetector (TCMD) y establecer las diferencias de estos datos en función del sexo y lateralización. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo a partir de imágenes de TCMD obtenidas en el Departamento de Radiología de la Facultad de Medicina Meram, Universidad de Necmettin Erbakan. Se evaluaron imágenes de 100 sujetos adultos (50 hombres y 50 mujeres), que no presentaban trauma craneal, cirugía o deformidad ósea. Se midieron (i) altura y diámetro anteroposterior de la fosa hipofisaria, (ii) longitud del cóndilo occipital y distancias intercondilares anterior y posterior, y (iii) el diámetro sagital, transversal y el área del foramen magno. El resumen de los datos se expresó como Media±DE. La comparación de los datos entre sexos y mediciones izquierda-derecha se realizó mediante la prueba t de Student, mientras que la relación entre los distintos parámetros mediante la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Todos los parámetros medidos, en el lado derecho e izquierdo, fueron mayores en hombres. Los valores más altos se determinaron generalmente en el lado derecho en ambos sexos. Algunos parámetros estuvieron altamente correlacionados en ambos sexos (P<0,001). Creemos que nuestros resultados pueden ser útiles al momento de realizar nuevos abordajes quirúrgicos y en la evaluación radiológica, relativas a la base de cráneo.

Where is the apex of the sacral hiatus for caudal epidural block in the pediatric population? A radio-anatomic study.

PURPOSE: Caudal epidural block (CEB), administered through the sacral hiatus, is a regional anesthetic technique commonly used in children. To facilitate and optimize pediatric CEB, morphometric data that may be important for the sacral hiatus have been obtained using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). METHODS: This study is the first radio-anatomic study designed to address this topic in children. Images of 79 children (39 girls and 40 boys between 1 and 9 years old) were divided into three groups according to age [group I (ages 1-3), group II (ages 4-6), and group III (ages 7-9)] and were retrospectively examined. Data were gathered via 3D volume-rendered images. Measurements included the height and width of the sacral hiatus, S2-S4 (sacral vertebra) distance, the distances between the poles of the unfused spinous process of each sacral vertebra, and the dimensions of an imaginary triangle formed between the right and left posterior superior iliac spines (PSIS) and the apex of the sacral hiatus. RESULTS: The most frequently fused spinous process was at S2 level. The mean S2-S4 distance was 1.36 cm for group I, 1.78 cm for group II, and 2.17 cm for group III. There was not the imaginary equilateral triangle used in the method of finding the sacral hiatus for CEB, and the apex of this triangle did not occur at the standard level (S4) in most of the children. It was observed that the apex deriving from the most distal fused spinous process was at the level of S2 in one of two children. CONCLUSION: Dural puncture is inevitable for CEB applied at the S2 level. Consequently, CEB should be applied below this level (range, 1.36-2.17 cm) from the midpoint of the interspinous distance between the PSIS (at the same level with S2) in children aged 1-9 years.

The mandibular landmarks about the facial artery and vein with multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): an anatomical and radiological morphometric study / Puntos de referencia de la mandíbula relacionados a la arteria y vena facial con angiografía por tomografía computarizada multidetector (ATCM): un estudio morfométrico anatómico y radiológico

The aim of this study was to investigate the course of the facial vessels according to several mandibular landmarks in living individuals using multidetector computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) to determine these related to sex and side. This study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University (Konya, Turkey). In total, sixty faces from 30 specimens (15 males and 15 females) with symptoms and signs of vascular disease were evaluated for the facial vessels by MDCTA scan. The facial vessel parameters were measured according to the reference points (mandibular angle, mental protuberance, mental foramen and facial midline). The distance from the point at which the facial artery first appears in the lower margin of the mandible to the mandibular angle for right and left facial artery were observed as 3.53+/-0.66 cm and 3.31+/-0.73 cm in males, respectively. These distances were determined as 2.91+/-0.52 cm and 3.35+/-0.48 cm in females. MDCTA is a new, powerful, safe and noninvasive test to demonstrate the vasculature of the head. Bony structures and neighboring vessel morphology can be evaluated by this technique in cases of trauma with suspected vessel injuries and when considering patient selection for flap surgery.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el curso de los vasos faciales de acuerdo con varios puntos de referencias mandibulares en sujetos vivos mediante angiografía por tomografía computarizada multidetector (ATCM) para determinar si éstos están relacionados con el sexo y el lado. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Departamento de Radiología, Facultad de Medicina de Meram en Necmettin Erbakan (Konya, Turkey). En total, sesenta caras de 30 sujetos (15 hombres y 15 mujeres), que presentaban síntomas y signos de la enfermedad vascular fueron evaluados para explorar los vasos faciales por ATCM. Los parámetros sobre los vasos faciales se midieron en relación a puntos de referencia (ángulo de la mandíbula, proceso mental, foramen mental y línea mediana facial). La distancia desde el punto en el que la arteria facial aparece por primera vez en el margen inferior de la mandíbula hasta el ángulo mandibular de la arteria facial derecha y izquierda fueron 3,53+/-0,66 cm y 3,31+/-0,73 cm en hombres, respectivamente. En mujeres fueron 2,91+/-0,52 cm y 3,35+/-0,48 cm. La ATCM es un examen nuevo, poderoso, seguro y no invasivo para demostrar la vascularización de la cabeza. Las estructuras óseas y la morfología de los vasos vecinos pueden ser evaluados por esta técnica en casos de trauma con sospecha de lesiones de los vasos y se puede considerar de selección en pacientes para realizar cirugías de colgajo.

A complex variation of the parietal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta / Una compleja variación de las ramas parietales y viscerales de la parte abdominal de la aorta

Variations in the branches of the abdominal aorta were determined during a routine abdominal region dissection of a 70-year-old male cadaver. Left gastric artery arose as the first root from antero-lateral of aorta. Coeliacomesenteric trunk occurred as a thick root. After 29.9mm, coeliacomesenteric trunk bifurcated as coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery. Coeliac trunk bifurcated as splenic artery and common hepatic artery. These multiple variations which change the normal anatomic structure of the abdominal aorta have to be kept in mind by surgeons, radiologists and anatomists.

Fueron encontradas, en un cadáver de sexo masculino de 70 años de edad durante una disección de rutina de la cavidad abdominal, variaciones de las ramas en la parte abdominal de la aorta. La arteria gástrica izquierda se originaba como la la primera rama antero-lateral de la aorta. El tronco celiacomesénterico se originó desde la aorta como una raíz gruesa. Después de 29,9mm, el tronco celiacomesentérico se dividió en el tronco celíaco y la arteria mesentérica superior. El tronco celíaco se dividió en las arterias esplénica y hepática común. Estas variaciones múltiples que cambian la estructura anatómica normal de la parte abdominal de la aorta tienen que ser tomada en consideración por los cirujanos, radiólogos y anatomistas.

The levator claviculae muscle and unilateral third head of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle: case report / Músculo elevador de la clavícula y tercera cabeza unilateral del músculo esternocleidomastoídeo: reporte de caso

A rare case of unilateral third head of sternocleidomastoid and an extra muscle levator claviculae were determined unilaterally in a 70-year-old male cadaver during the routine dissections. In the left neck side, it was observed that the sternocleidomastoid muscle also had a third part in addition to known sternal and clavicular heads and levator claviculae muscle which arose from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of the 3rd cervical vertebra and attached to the posterior margin of the clavicle. An awareness of this variations may be important because of its close relationship with neurovascular structures during neck operations.

Durante una disección de rutina, se observó en un cadáver de sexo masculino de 70 años de edad, la presencia de una tercera cabeza unilateral del músculo esternocleidomastoideo y de un músculo elevador clavicular accesorio. En el lado izquierdo del cuello, se observó que el músculo esternocleidomastoideo poseía una tercera cabeza, además de las cabezas esternal y clavicular. El músculo elevador de la clavícula, tenía su origen en el tubérculo posterior del proceso transverso de la tercera vértebra cervical y se insertaba en el margen posterior de la clavícula. El conocimiento de estas variaciones pueden ser importantes debido a su estrecha relación con las estructuras neurovasculares del cuello durante las operaciones.

Unilateral variations of vessels and nerves in the neck / Variación unilateral de vasos y nervios en el cuello

Variations of vessels and nerves in the left neck side, of 65 year old male cadaver, during the routine dissections, were detected. It was observed that the linguofacial trunk originated from external carotid artery and that the ascending pharyngeal artery originated from the occipital artery. It was determined that after the laryngeopharyngeales rami originated from the superior cervical ganglion, the branch wound around the origin of the superior thyroid artery. As an additional variation, the internal jugular vein divided. The cervical ansa and the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle passed through the parts of the vein. We think that these type of variation can entail important difficulties during radiologic and surgical procedures of the neck region. To know these anatomical variations, is important for the anatomist and surgeons.

Durante una disección de rutina, fue observada en el lado izquierdo del cuello de un cadáver de sexo masculino de 65 años de edad variaciones anatómicas vasculares y nerviosas. Se observó que el tronco linguofacial se originaba de la arteria carótida externa y que la arteria faríngea ascendente se origina en la arteria occipital. Se determinó que los ramos laringofaríngeos originadas desde el ganglio cervical superior, giraban en torno al origen de la arteria tiroidea superior. Como una variación adicional, la vena jugular interna se encontró dividida. El asa cervical y el vientre inferior del músculo omohioideo pasaban a través de las partes de la división de la vena. Creemos que este tipo de variaciones supone dificultades importantes durante procedimientos radiológicos y quirúrgicos de la región del cuello, y por tanto, es importante que los cirujanos conozcan estas variaciones.

Morphometric analyses of the development of nasal cavity in human fetuses: an anatomical and radiological study.

OBJECTIVE: It was aimed to research the morphometric development of the nasal cavity with dissection and radiological scanning methods and to detect anatomical variations. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Departments of Anatomy and Radiology, Meram Medical Faculty, Selcuk University. PATIENTS: Dissection stage was performed on 80 spontaneously aborted fetuses (40 males and 40 females) (63 second trimesters and 17 third trimesters) between 13 and 40 weeks of gestation. Radiological scanning stage was carried out on 40 spontaneously aborted fetuses (19 males and 21 females) (12 second trimesters and 28 third trimesters) with multi-detector computed tomography. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and sixty nasal cavities and related structures were examined by means of bilateral dissection. Reference images were obtained in the axial plane with 3-mm collimation using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT; Sensation 64, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). These reference images were sent to the workstation (Leonardo, Siemens, Germany) and three-dimensional (axial, sagittal, and coronal) reformatted images with 1mm thickness were obtained via multiplanar imaging method. RESULTS: In the dissected fetuses 16 suprema nasal conchae were determined. Six (15%) NSDs (four towards the left and two towards the right) were detected on radiological sections. The angle between the virtual line from sphenoidal sinus ostium through limen nasi and the horizontal plane was 32.72+/-3.3 degrees on average. CONCLUSION: It was thought that some anatomic variations (e.g. suprema nasal concha, nasal septum deviation) occur in the fetal period; however, other certain differences (e.g. Onodi, Haller, and Agger nasi cells, concha bullosa) might be with effects of environmental factors (trauma and chronic infections) in postnatal period.