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Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage(NAH), and to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Methods:In this study, a retrospective nested case-control study was used to collect clinical data of neonates diagnosed with NAH from January 2011 to December 2021 in the Department of Neonatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, and telephone follow-up were conducted for them.NAH infants with manifestations of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were selected as the case group, and the random number table method was used to select the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia infants with NAH excluded by imaging in the same period at a ratio of 1: 2 as the control group.Characteristics of the clinical data of the two groups were compared and analyzed by Logistic regression to explore the risk factors of NAH.Results:During the study period, a total of 31 cases of NAH were diagnosed, with an average gestational age of(37.6±2.2) weeks, including 19 males, 25 full-term infants, 6 cases with macrosomia, 30 cases with natural labor, 29 cases with hyperbilirubinemia, 8 cases with birth injury, 7 cases with asphyxia, 9 cases with bilirubin encephalopathy, 12 cases with sepsis, 13 cases with intracranial hemorrhage, 17 cases with anemia, 9 cases with respiratory disease, 5 cases with hyperkalemia, 6 cases with hyponatremia.The results of NAH ultrasonography showed that 8 cases of hematoma had medium and low echoes, 6 cases of mixed echoes, and 17 cases of liquid flocculent echoes with or without punctate echoes.Color Doppler flow imaging results showed no blood flow signal.There were 26 cases on the right side, 4 cases on the left side, and 1 case on both sides.A total of 26 cases were followed up.Ultrasonography showed that most haematomas were absorbed within 1 to 3 months and disappeared within 6 months.Twenty-nine cases were included in the case group and 58 cases in the control group.Univariate analysis showed that age, birth weight, macrosomia, mode of delivery, bilirubin encephalopathy, neonatal sepsis, abdominal distension, anemia, asphyxia, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, Hb and CRP were significantly higher than those in the control group( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that macrosomia( OR=7.415, 95% CI=1.342~40.956, P=0.022) and asphyxia( OR=12.075, 95% CI=1.293~112.736, P=0.029) were independent risk factors of NAH. Conclusion:NAH is common in naturally born full-term infants, with a lack of specific clinical manifestations.Unexplained persistent hyperbilirubinemia may be its first symptom, often accompanied by anemia and ion disturbance.A few infants may have adrenal insufficiency.Macrosomia and asphyxia may be the risk factors for the occurrence of NAH.
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In the original article, there was some error in Table 2. The correct table is given below.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Small fiber neuropathy (SFN)-the early stage of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN)-progresses gradually and is difficult to diagnose using neurophysiological tests. To facilitate the early diagnosis of SFN, biomarkers for SFN must be identified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of SFN in prediabetic patients and the relationship between pNF-H and SFN. METHODS: 44 IGT patients (inpatients and outpatients) were selected at random. 33 healthy subjects served as controls. Data on clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were collected. Quantitative sensory testing (QST), electromyography (EMG), and Sudoscan were performed, and pNF-H was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: 24 of the 44 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were diagnosed with SFN according to the modified Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group consensus criteria. The thermal sensory thresholds of the IGT-SFN group were significantly different from those of the CTRL group (p < 0.05), except for the heat pain threshold. The sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) of the sural nerve was 12.39 in the IGT-SFN group, which was significantly lower than those in the other groups. No significant difference in nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was observed among the three groups. The electrochemical skin conductance (ESC) in the IGT-SFN group was 69.78 ± 14.03uS, which was significantly lower than that in the CTRL group. The pNF-H in the IGT-SFN group was 170.6 (140.0, 223.6) pg/ml, which was significantly higher than those in the CTRL and IGT-non-SFN groups (76.55 and 64.7 pg/ml, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that pNF-H and 2h plasma glucose were independently correlated with SFN; the ORs (95% CI) were 1.429 (1.315, 1.924) and 2.375 (1.157, 4.837), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Serum pNF-H may be associated with SFN in IGT patients, and serum pNF-H could therefore serve as a sensitive biomarker for the detection of SFN.
