Prognostic Value of an Immunohistochemical Signature in Patients With Head and Neck Mucosal Melanoma.

Purpose: We aimed to develop a prognostic immunohistochemistry (IHC) signature for patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma (MMHN). Methods: In total, 190 patients with nonmetastatic MMHN with complete clinical and pathological data before treatment were included in our retrospective study. Results: We extracted five IHC markers associated with overall survival (OS) and then constructed a signature in the training set (n=116) with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression model. The validation set (n=74) was further built to confirm the prognostic significance of this classifier. We then divided patients into high- and low-risk groups according to the IHC score. In the training set, the 5-year OS rate was 22.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.2%- 43.2%) for the high-risk group and 54.1% (95% CI: 41.8%-69.9%) for the low-risk group (P<0.001), and in the validation set, the 5-year OS rate was 38.1% (95% CI: 17.9%-81.1%) for the high-risk group and 43.1% (95% CI: 30.0%-61.9%) for the low-risk group (P=0.26). Multivariable analysis revealed that IHC score, T stage, and primary tumor site were independent variables for predicting OS (all P<0.05). We developed a nomogram incorporating clinicopathological risk factors (primary site and T stage) and the IHC score to predict 3-, 5-, and 10-year OS. Conclusions: A nomogram was generated and confirmed to be of clinical value. Our IHC classifier integrating five IHC markers could help clinicians make decisions and determine optimal treatments for patients with MMHN.

Dual-region radiomics signature: Integrating primary tumor and lymph node computed tomography features improves survival prediction in esophageal squamous cell cancer.

BACKGROUND: Preoperative prognostic biomarkers to guide individualized therapy are still in demand in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC). Some studies reported that radiomic analysis based on CT images has been successfully performed to predict individual survival in EC. The aim of this study was to assess whether combining radiomics features from primary tumor and regional lymph nodes predicts overall survival (OS) better than using single-region features only, and to investigate the incremental value of the dual-region radiomics signature. METHODS: In this retrospective study, three radiomics signatures were built from preoperative enhanced CT in a training cohort (n = 200) using LASSO Cox model. Associations between each signature and survival was assessed on a validation cohort (n = 107). Prediction accuracy for the three signatures was compared. By constructing a clinical nomogram and a radiomics-clinical nomogram, incremental prognostic value of the radiomics signature over clinicopathological factors in OS prediction was assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, reclassification and clinical usefulness. RESULTS: The dual-region radiomic signature was an independent factor, significantly associated with OS (HR: 1.869, 95% CI: 1.347, 2.592, P = 1.82e-04), which achieved better OS (C-index: 0.611) prediction either than the single-region signature (C-index:0.594-0.604). The resulted dual-region radiomics-clinical nomogram achieved the best discriminative ability in OS prediction (C-index:0.700). Compared with the clinical nomogram, the radiomics-clinical nomogram improved the calibration and classification accuracy for OS prediction with a total net reclassification improvement (NRI) of 26.9% (P=0.008) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) of 6.8% (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The dual-region radiomic signature is an independent prognostic marker and outperforms single-region signature in OS for ESCC patients. Integrating the dual-region radiomics signature and clinicopathological factors improves OS prediction.

The primary lesion apparent diffusion coefficient is a prognostic factor for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: To explore prognostic value of the pre-treatment primary lesion apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC). METHODS: A total of 843 patients with newly diagnosed LA-NPC were enrolled from January 2011 to April 2014 and divided into two groups based on ADC values: the low-ADC group and high-ADC group. The 3-year local relapse-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates between two groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox regression analyses were performed to test prognostic value of the pretreatment ADC in LA-NPC. RESULTS: The cut-off value of the pretreatment ADC for predicting local relapse was 784.5 × 10- 6 mm2/s (AUC [area under curve] = 0.604; sensitivity = 0.640; specificity = 0.574), thus patients were divided into low-ADC (< 784.5 × 10- 6; n = 473) group and high-ADC (≥784.5 × 10- 6; n = 370) group. The low-ADC group had significantly higher 3-year LRFS rate and DFS rate than the high-ADC group (LRFS: 96.2% vs. 91.4%, P = 0.003; DFS: 81.4% vs. 73.0%, P = 0.0056). Multivariate analysis showed that the pretreatment ADC is an independent prognostic factor for LRFS (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.13-3.66; P = 0.017) and DFS (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.04-1.89; P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: The pretreatment ADC of the primary lesion is an independent prognostic factor for LRFS and DFS in LA-NPC patients.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography vs MRI for evaluation of local invasion by cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE:: The purpose of this study is to compare contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to MRI for evaluating local invasion of cervical cancer. METHODS:: A total of 108 patients with cervical cancer were included in this study. All the enrolled patients were Stage IIA2-IVB according to the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology and treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy. Tumour size in different dimensions was compared between MRI and CEUS. The correlation coefficients (r) between MRI and CEUS for diagnosing local invasion, parametrial extension, and invasion to vagina, uterine corpus and adjacent organs were assessed. RESULTS:: Measurements by MRI and CEUS were strongly correlated in the three dimensions: left-right r = 0.84, craniocaudal r = 0.86 and anteroposterior r = 0.88. Vaginal and parametrial invasion were detected by both MRI and CEUS with moderate concordance, and invasion of uterine corpus, bladder and rectum with good concordance. CONCLUSION:: CEUS is comparable to MRI for measuring tumour size, with good concordance for evaluating invasion of cervical cancer. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE:: CEUS is a less expensive non-invasive modality for assessment of tumour size and invasion of cervical cancer.

[Imaging features and clinicopathological manifestations of solitary fibrous tumors].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the imaging features, clinical manifestations and pathological characteristics of solitary fibrous tumors (SFT). METHODS: The clinicopathological manifestations and medical imaging findings were analyzed retrospectively in 27 patients with surgically confirmed SFT. RESULTS: The SFTs originated from different parts of the body, including 18 in the chest, 4 in the abdomen, 1 in the lumboscral area, 3 in the pelvis, and 1 in the left shoulder. Twenty-three cases were found by CT scan, among which there were 16 benign diseases, presented with well-defined round or elliptic margins, with homogeneous attenuation and clearly surrounding; 6 malignant cases with unclear demarcations, invasive surrounding, heterogeneous attenuation due to calcification and/or irregular necrosis, and 1 junctional case with well-defined margins, which was enlarged during follow-up. There were 4 SFTs scanned by MRI with clear margin and homogeneous or heterogeneous signal intensity. All of the 4 cases were isointense or hyperintense to muscle on T1-weighted images, and were hyperintense on the T2-weighted images. All tumors showed heterogeneously intense enhancement with geographic pattern. Immunohistochemical staining showed that CD34-positive was 81.5%, vimentin (100.0%), CD99 (100.0%) and bcl-2 (96.3%), as well as negative CK (100.0%) and S-100 (96.3%). CONCLUSION: The location of SFT is varying. Though its clinical manifestations vary, the diagnosis is depended on pathology and immunohistochemistry. There are certain specific features related to SFTs on CT or MRI. These imaging techniques may serve to provide helpful information as to the location and vicinal anatomic structure of the tumor, which is of substantial importance for planning surgery.

[Diagnostic value of ADC and rADC of diffusion weighted imaging in malignant breast lesions].

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of patients with breast diseases. METHODS: Fifty-three consecutive patients were scanned with GE signa HDx 1.5 T magnetic resonance system equipped with 8-channel breast coil. DWI was scanned by SE-EPI sequence in b values of 500 s/mm(2) and 800 s/mm(2), respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of these lesions were measured. The mean apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) of these lesions were calculated in b values of 500 s/mm(2) and 800 s/mm(2), respectively. These lesions' ADC value (rADC) was counted respectively and the result of the rADC was equal to the lesion's ADC divided by the ADC of the ipsilateral normal breast tissue. Threshold of ADC and rADC for differential diagnosis was acquired by ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) analysis. Different imaging technologies were evaluated emphasizing their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. RESULTS: Sixty-six lesions of 53 cases were confirmed by pathology, including 39 malignant lesions and 27 benign lesions. (1) b = 500 s/mm(2), the threshold of ADC value was 1.435 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s, with a sensitivity of 82.1% and a specificity of 81.5%. The threshold of rADC value was 0.62, with a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 100%. (2) b = 800 s/mm(2), the threshold of ADC value was 1.295 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s, with a sensitivity of 79.5% and a specificity of 81.5%. The threshold of rADC value was 0.71, with a sensitivity of 89.7% and specificity of 88.9%. (3) The area under the ROC curve was increased for the four diagnostic indicators (ADC(500), ADC(800), rADC(500), rADC(800)). CONCLUSION: DWI spends short time, and it doesn't need contrast material. ADC value and rADC value have a high sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic indicator. DWI is helpful in improving the specificity of MR and may become one of valuable conventional procedures for breast tumor diagnosis.

Analysis of cervical and retropharyngeal lymph node metastases in the patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hypopharyngeal carcinoma has a high risk for early regional lymphatic dissemination. However, reports about regional lymph node metastases, especially retropharyngeal lymph node metastases, are rare. This research explored the spread of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, especially metastases of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes by studying computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. METHODS: The CT/MRI images of 88 patients with pathologically confirmed hypopharyngeal carcinomas that were performed at our hospital between August 2000 and March 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The interrelations among local stage and lymph nodes in various regions were analyzed by Chi2 test and multivariate logistical regression. RESULTS: The rate of regional lymph node metastasis for all patients was 73.9%, and the highest rates of positive lymph nodes were at levels IIa (61.4%), IIb (44.3%), and III (37.5%). Metastases to levels I, IV, V, and VI were rare, as were retropharyngeal lymph-node metastases, which were always combined with metastases at levels II and III. Univariate analysis showed that level-IV metastases correlated to metastases at levels Ib and III; retropharyngeal lymph node metastases were correlated to level IIb and bilateral cervical lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis showed that level-VI metastases correlated to level IV and that retropharyngeal lymph-node metastases correlated to bilateral cervical lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Regional lymph node metastases in patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma follow some regulations, and skip metastasis is rare. The highest rates of positive lymph nodes are at levels II and III. Bilateral lymph node metastases may be a risk factor for retropharyngeal lymph node metastases.

[Correlation of multi-slice spiral CT features to clinicopathologic manifestations of gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a report of 49 cases].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is one of the most common mesenchymal tumors of the digestive system. Imaging examination plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative evaluation for it. This study was to describe the multi-slice spiral computed tomographic (MSCT) findings and pathologic features of GIST, and to analyze their correlation. METHODS: MSCT and pathologic reports of 49 patients with 53 pathologically confirmed GIST lesions were reviewed and compared. RESULTS: Of the 53 GIST lesions, 14 were at very low biological risk, 11 at low risk, ten at moderate risk and 18 at high risk; 36 (67.9%) were found in first visit by CT scans. On CT images, the GIST lesions with maximal diameter of > or =50 mm showed irregular shape, invasive growth, presence of cystic area and heterogeneous enhancement, and most of them were at high risk; the lesions with maximal diameter of <50 mm showed regular shape, expansive growth, and homogeneous enhancement, and most of them were at risk of moderate or below. No lymph node metastasis was found. Only three lesions showed S100-positive, which presented infiltration along the gastric wall or bowel ring on CT images. CONCLUSIONS: CT examination is helpful in risk prediction for GIST, but it is difficult to detect small lesions (< 2 cm) by CT scans. Due to the infiltrative growth of GIST with neural differentiation (S100-positive), it is difficult to distinguish GIST from gastric cancer on CT images.

[Regional invasion of hypopharyngeal carcinoma base on CT--a report of 65 cases].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Identifying the characteristics of regional extension and accurately evaluating the extent of regional invasion is the key to delineate the target volume of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. This study was to investigate the characteristics of regional invasion of hypopharyngeal carcinoma using the enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan. METHODS: CT images of 65 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between August 2000 and September 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients included 58 males and two females, with a median age of 55 years. RESULTS: Pyriform sinus carcinoma (50 cases)easily extended to aryepiglottic fold (98%), posterior hypopharyngeal wall (80%) and ipsilateral epiglottis (82%), preepiglottic space (66%), arytenoid cartilage (74%), paraglotic space (82%), ventricular bands (72%), vocal (62%), laminae of thyroid cartilage (58%) and lateral wall of oropharynx (52%). Posterior pharyngeal carcinoma (14 cases) usually invaded pyriform sinus (100%), aryepiglottic fold (92.9%), postcricoid region (71.4%), prevertebral fascia (71.4%) and esophagus (64.3%). One case of postcricoid carcinoma spread to pyriform sinus, posterior wall of hypopharynx, aryepiglottic fold, aryepiglottic cartilage, paraglotic space, cricoid cartilage thyroid cartilage and esophagus. CONCLUSION: Regional invasion of hypopharyngeal carcinoma is mainly direct extension through tissues. Tissues close to the primary tumor site and lack of regional tissue barrier are easier to be encroached and destroyed. The skip lesion is not detected. Routine prophylactic irradiation of nasopharynx and base of skull is not necessary.