ABSTRACT
Cancer stem cells can be isolated from human tumours using specific cell surface markers. Bladder cancer cells, however, lack specific cell surface markers, making this approach impracticable. In this study an alternative method was used, involving isolation of side population cells to explore the stem cell characteristics of bladder cancer. Side population cells were isolated from the bladder transitional cell cancer cell line T24 and examined for potential stem cell characteristics related to proliferation, cell cycle distribution, self-renewal and differentiation. It was observed that T24 side population cells have stronger proliferative and colony formation abilities than non-side population cells. Side population cells were also more resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which may be due to expression of the ATP-binding cassette half-transporter, sub-family G, member 2 protein. Overall, the results suggest that side population cells from the human bladder transitional cell cancer cell line T24 harbour stem-like cells.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology , Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics , Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/radiotherapy , Cell Cycle/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Clone Cells , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects , Flow Cytometry , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects , Humans , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects , Radiation Tolerance/drug effects , Time Factors , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Verapamil/pharmacologyABSTRACT
In this Letter we report a novel self-organized copper electrodeposition in an ultrathin layer of CuSO4 electrolyte. The macroscopic fingering branches of the deposit consist of long copper filaments covered with periodic corrugated nanostructures. The mechanism of the nanostructure formation is explored and the origin of the significant descent of the branching rate in electrodeposition is discussed. We suggest that this growth phenomenon provides deeper insights into the role of diffusion and migration on pattern formation in electrodeposition.
ABSTRACT
The dynamic behavior of the concentration field in crystallization is investigated by considering the coupling of the bulk concentration field and interfacial kinetics. It is shown that the concentration field may become unstable for perturbations with certain wavelength. When instability occurs, the physical environment in front of the growing interface will fluctuate and the interfacial growth mode will be affected accordingly. We suggest that our analysis can be used to interpret some spatial-temporal instabilities observed in crystallization.
