Neuromuscular junction disorders: Experimental models and pathophysiological mechanisms.

Located between skeletal muscle fibers and motoneurons, the neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse essential for the transmission of information from nervous system to skeletal muscle. There are many diseases related to neuromuscular junction dysfunction, including myasthenia gravis, Lambert­Eaton myasthenic syndrome, congenital myasthenic syndromes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. The pathophysiological mechanisms of these diseases have been investigated using many animal models. Among them, mouse models are the most commonly used and have provided the majority of current data. Moreover, advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell technology has resulted in new opportunities to study neuromuscular junction disorders from both patients and healthy individuals. Currently, patient­specific induced pluripotent stem cells derived from motor neurons have begun to be studied. These studies will help us achieve a more comprehensive understanding of diseases related to neuromuscular junction disorders. We will describe the research models of neuromuscular junction disorders and provide an overview of recent key findings.