SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 Restricts Episomal DNA Transcription without Affecting Chromosomal DNA.

Nonstructural protein 13 (nsp13), the helicase of SARS-CoV-2, has been shown to possess multiple functions that are essential for viral replication, and is considered an attractive target for the development of novel antivirals. We were initially interested in the interplay between nsp13 and interferon (IFN) signaling, and found that nsp13 inhibited reporter signal in an IFN-ß promoter assay. Surprisingly, the ectopic expression of different components of the RIG-I/MDA5 pathway, which were used to stimulate IFN-ß promoter, was also mitigated by nsp13. However, endogenous expression of these genes was not affected by nsp13. Interestingly, nsp13 restricted the expression of foreign genes originating from plasmid transfection, but failed to inhibit them after chromosome integration. These data, together with results from a runoff transcription assay and RNA sequencing, suggested a specific inhibition of episomal but not chromosomal gene transcription by nsp13. By using different truncated and mutant forms of nsp13, we demonstrated that its NTPase and helicase activities contributed to the inhibition of episomal DNA transcription, and that this restriction required direct interaction with episomal DNA. Based on these findings, we developed an economical and convenient high-throughput drug screening method targeting nsp13. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of various compounds on nsp13 by the expression of reporter gene plasmid after co-transfection with nsp13. In conclusion, we found that nsp13 can specifically inhibit episomal DNA transcription and developed a high-throughput drug screening method targeting nsp13 to facilitate the development of new antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE To combat COVID-19, we need to understand SARS-CoV-2 and develop effective antiviral drugs. In our study, we serendipitously found that SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 could suppress episomal DNA transcription without affecting chromosomal DNA. Detailed characterization revealed that nsp13 suppresses episomal gene expression through its NTPase and helicase functions following DNA binding. Furthermore, we developed a high-throughput drug screening system targeting SARS-CoV-2 nsp13. Compared to traditional SARS-CoV-2 drug screening methods, our system is more economical and convenient, facilitating the development of more potent and selective nsp13 inhibitors and enabling the discovery of new antiviral therapies.

Discovery of a Novel Class of PROTACs as Potent and Selective Estrogen Receptor α Degraders to Overcome Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo.

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a well-established target for endocrine therapies of ER-positive breast cancer (ER+ BC), but endocrine resistance limits the efficacy of clinical drugs. Using proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology to degrade ERα may be an effective alternative to endocrine therapies. Herein, we disclose a novel series of potent and selective ERα PROTACs based on an oxabicycloheptane sulfonamide (OBHSA) scaffold, with no associated ERß degradation. These PROTACs showed significant antiproliferation and ERα degradation activities against a broad spectrum of ER+ BC cells including tamoxifen-resistant and ERα mutant cell lines. Genomics analysis confirmed that these PROTACs inhibited the nascent RNA synthesis of ERα target genes and impaired genome-wide ERα binding. Compound ZD12 exhibited excellent antitumor potency and ERα degradation activity in both tamoxifen-sensitive and -resistant BC mice models, which are superior to fulvestrant. This study demonstrates the potential of these PROTACs as novel drug candidates for endocrine-resistant BC treatment.

CDK12 and Integrator-PP2A complex modulates LEO1 phosphorylation for processive transcription elongation.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) interacts with cyclin K to form a functional nuclear kinase that promotes processive transcription elongation through phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). To gain a comprehensive understanding of CDK12's cellular function, we used chemical genetic and phosphoproteomic screening to identify a landscape of nuclear human CDK12 substrates, including regulators of transcription, chromatin organization, and RNA splicing. We further validated LEO1, a subunit of the polymerase-associated factor 1 complex (PAF1C), as a bona fide cellular substrate of CDK12. Acute depletion of LEO1, or substituting LEO1 phosphorylation sites with alanine, attenuated PAF1C association with elongating Pol II and impaired processive transcription elongation. Moreover, we discovered that LEO1 interacts with and is dephosphorylated by the Integrator-PP2A complex (INTAC) and that INTAC depletion promotes the association of PAF1C with Pol II. Together, this study reveals an uncharacterized role for CDK12 and INTAC in regulating LEO1 phosphorylation, providing important insights into gene transcription and its regulation.

The super elongation complex drives transcriptional addiction in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.

MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma leads to aberrant expression of MYCN oncoprotein, which binds active genes promoting transcriptional amplification. Yet, how MYCN coordinates transcription elongation to meet productive transcriptional amplification and which elongation machinery represents MYCN-driven vulnerability remain to be identified. We conducted a targeted screen of transcription elongation factors and identified the super elongation complex (SEC) as a unique vulnerability in MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas. MYCN directly binds EAF1 and recruits SEC to enhance processive transcription elongation. Depletion of EAF1 or AFF1/AFF4, another core subunit of SEC, leads to a global reduction in transcription elongation and elicits selective apoptosis of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells. A combination screen reveals SEC inhibition synergistically potentiates the therapeutic efficacies of FDA-approved BCL-2 antagonist ABT-199, in part due to suppression of MCL1 expression, both in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells and in patient-derived xenografts. These findings identify disruption of the MYCN-SEC regulatory axis as a promising therapeutic strategy in neuroblastoma.

G-quadruplexes sense natural porphyrin metabolites for regulation of gene transcription and chromatin landscapes.

BACKGROUND: G-quadruplexes (G4s) are unique noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures, which have been proposed to physically interact with transcription factors and chromatin remodelers to regulate cell type-specific transcriptome and shape chromatin landscapes. RESULTS: Based on the direct interaction between G4 and natural porphyrins, we establish genome-wide approaches to profile where the iron-liganded porphyrin hemin can bind in the chromatin. Hemin promotes genome-wide G4 formation, impairs transcription initiation, and alters chromatin landscapes, including decreased H3K27ac and H3K4me3 modifications at promoters. Interestingly, G4 status is not involved in the canonical hemin-BACH1-NRF2-mediated enhancer activation process, highlighting an unprecedented G4-dependent mechanism for metabolic regulation of transcription. Furthermore, hemin treatment induces specific gene expression profiles in hepatocytes, underscoring the in vivo potential for metabolic control of gene transcription by porphyrins. CONCLUSIONS: These studies demonstrate that G4 functions as a sensor for natural porphyrin metabolites in cells, revealing a G4-dependent mechanism for metabolic regulation of gene transcription and chromatin landscapes, which will deepen our knowledge of G4 biology and the contribution of cellular metabolites to gene regulation.

Ligand-induced native G-quadruplex stabilization impairs transcription initiation.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are noncanonical DNA secondary structures formed through the self-association of guanines, and G4s are distributed widely across the genome. G4 participates in multiple biological processes including gene transcription, and G4-targeted ligands serve as potential therapeutic agents for DNA-targeted therapies. However, genome-wide studies of the exact roles of G4s in transcriptional regulation are still lacking. Here, we establish a sensitive G4-CUT&Tag method for genome-wide profiling of native G4s with high resolution and specificity. We find that native G4 signals are cell type-specific and are associated with transcriptional regulatory elements carrying active epigenetic modifications. Drug-induced promoter-proximal RNA polymerase II pausing promotes nearby G4 formation. In contrast, G4 stabilization by G4-targeted ligands globally reduces RNA polymerase II occupancy at gene promoters as well as nascent RNA synthesis. Moreover, ligand-induced G4 stabilization modulates chromatin states and impedes transcription initiation via inhibition of general transcription factors loading to promoters. Together, our study reveals a reciprocal genome-wide regulation between native G4 dynamics and gene transcription, which will deepen our understanding of G4 biology toward therapeutically targeting G4s in human diseases.

Genomic profiling of native R loops with a DNA-RNA hybrid recognition sensor.

An R loop is a unique triple-stranded structure that participates in multiple key biological processes and is relevant to human diseases. Accurate and comprehensive R loop profiling is a prerequisite for R loops studies. However, current R loop mapping methods generate large discrepancies, therefore an independent method is in urgent need. Here, we establish an independent R loop CUT&Tag (Tn5-based cleavage under targets and tagmentation) method by combining CUT&Tag and GST-His6-2×HBD (glutathione S-transferase-hexahistidine-2× hybrid-binding domain), an artificial DNA-RNA hybrid sensor that specifically recognizes the DNA-RNA hybrids. We demonstrate that the R loop CUT&Tag is sensitive, reproducible, and convenient for native R loop mapping with high resolution, and find that the capture strategies, instead of the specificity of sensors, largely contribute to the disparities among different methods. Together, we provide an independent strategy for genomic profiling of native R loops and help resolve discrepancies among multiple R loop mapping methods.

Identification of Integrator-PP2A complex (INTAC), an RNA polymerase II phosphatase.

The 14-subunit metazoan-specific Integrator contains an endonuclease that cleaves nascent RNA transcripts. Here, we identified a complex containing Integrator and protein phosphatase 2A core enzyme (PP2A-AC), termed INTAC. The 3.5-angstrom-resolution structure reveals that nine human Integrator subunits and PP2A-AC assemble into a cruciform-shaped central scaffold formed by the backbone and shoulder modules, with the phosphatase and endonuclease modules flanking the opposite sides. As a noncanonical PP2A holoenzyme, the INTAC complex dephosphorylates the carboxy-terminal repeat domain of RNA polymerase II at serine-2, -5, and -7 and thus regulates transcription. Our study extends the function of PP2A to transcriptional regulation and reveals how dual enzymatic activities-RNA cleavage and RNA polymerase II dephosphorylation-are structurally and functionally integrated into the INTAC complex.

Expression of E2A in mid-secretory endometrium of women suffering from recurrent miscarriage.

E2A is involved in promoting forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) gene transcription, which are pivotal transcription factors of T regulatory cells and Th17 cells, respectively. Little is known about the involvement of E2A in pregnancy process. This study aimed to investigate the expression of E2A, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and Foxp3 in luteal phase endometrium of women suffering recurrent miscarriage (RM) (n=21) and control group (n=11) by immunohistochemistry, with the Vectra® automated quantitative pathology imaging system for analysis. The percentage of E2A+ cells and CTLA-4+ cells was significantly higher in the endometrium of women with RM than in the controls. There was positive correlation between E2A and CTLA-4 (r=0.523, P=0.002), E2A and FOXP3 (r=0.380, P=0.032), and FOXP3 and CTLA-4 (r=0.625, P=0.000) in the mid-secretory phase of endometrium for all subjects. It was concluded that the abnormal expression of endometrial E2A existed in mid-secretory endometrium of women with RM, and there was a positive correlation between E2A and FOXP3, and E2A and CTLA-4, suggesting the possible regulation role of E2A involved in regulating endometrium receptivity.

Expression of E2A in Mid-secretory Endometrium of Women Suffering from Recurrent Miscarriage / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

E2A is involved in promoting forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) and retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) gene transcription,which are pivotal transcription factors of T regulatory cells and Thl7 cells,respectively.Little is known about the involvement of E2A in pregnancy process.This study aimed to investigate the expression of E2A,cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4),and Foxp3 in luteal phase endometrium of women suffering recurrent miscarriage (RM) (n=21) and control group (n=11) by immunohistochemistry,with the Vectra(R) automated quantitative pathology imaging system for analysis.The percentage of E2A+ cells and CTLA-4+ cells was significantly higher in the endometrium of women with RM than in the controls.There was positive correlation between E2A and CTLA-4 (r=0.523,P=0.002),E2A and FOXP3 (r=0.380,P=0.032),and FOXP3 and CTLA-4 (r=0.625,P=0.000) in the mid-secretory phase of endometrium for all subjects.It was concluded that the abnormal expression of endometrial E2A existed in mid-secretory endometrium of women with RM,and there was a positive correlation between E2A and FOXP3,and E2A and CTLA-4,suggesting the possible regulation role of E2A involved in regulating endometrium receptivity.