ABSTRACT
Objective: Observational studies have reported that mental disorders are comorbid with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD). However, the causal relationship remains uncertain. To clarify the causal relationship between three common mental illnesses and TMD, we conduct this Mendelian Randomization (MR) study. Methods: The large-scale genome-wide association studies data of major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia were retrieved from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. The summary data of TMD was obtained from the Finn-Gen consortium, including 211,023 subjects of European descent (5,668 cases and 205,355 controls). The main approach utilized was inverse variance weighting (IVW) to evaluate the causal association between the three mental disorders and TMD. Five sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, Maximum Likelihood, Weighted median, MR. RAPS and MR-PRESSO were used as supplements. We conducted heterogeneity tests and pleiotropic tests to ensure the robustness. Results: As shown by the IVW method, genetically determined major depression was associated with a 1.65-fold risk of TMD (95% CI = 1.10-2.47, p < 0.05). The direction and effect size remained consistent with sensitivity analyses. The odds ratios (ORs) were 1.51 (95% CI = 0.24-9.41, p > 0.05) for MR-Egger, 1.60 (95% CI = 0.98-2.61, p > 0.05) for Weighted median, 1.68 (95% CI = 1.19-2.38, p < 0.05) for Maximum likelihood, 1.56 (95% CI = 1.05-2.33, p < 0.05) for MR. RAPS, and 1.65 (95% CI = 1.10-2.47, p < 0.05) for MR-PRESSO, respectively. No pleiotropy was observed (both P for MR-Egger intercept and Global test >0.05). In addition, the IVW method identified no significant correlation between bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and TMD. Conclusion: Genetic evidence supports a causal relationship between major depression and TMD, instead of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing a patient's depressive status in clinical settings.
ABSTRACT
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a kind of solid tumor with high heterogeneity at tumor microenvironment (TME), genome and transcriptome level. In view of the regulatory effect of metabolism on TME, this study was based on four metabolic models to explore the intertumoral heterogeneity of OS at the RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) level and the intratumoral heterogeneity of OS at the bulk RNA-seq and single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) level. Methods: The GSVA package was used for single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) analysis to obtain a glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and glutaminolysis gene sets score. ConsensusClusterPlus was employed to cluster OS samples downloaded from the Target database. The scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data of immune cells from GSE162454 dataset were analyzed to identify the subsets and types of immune cells in OS. Malignant cells and non-malignant cells were distinguished by large-scale chromosomal copy number variation. The correlations of metabolic molecular subtypes and immune cell types with four metabolic patterns, hypoxia and angiogenesis were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: Two metabolism-related molecular subtypes of OS, cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. Cluster 2 was associated with poor prognosis of OS, active glycolysis, FAO, glutaminolysis, and bad TME. The identified 28608 immune cells were divided into 15 separate clusters covering 6 types of immune cells. The enrichment scores of 5 kinds of immune cells in cluster-1 and cluster-2 were significantly different. And five kinds of immune cells were significantly correlated with four metabolic modes, hypoxia and angiogenesis. Of the 28,608 immune cells, 7617 were malignant cells. The four metabolic patterns of malignant cells were significantly positively correlated with hypoxia and negatively correlated with angiogenesis. Conclusion: We used RNA-seq to reveal two molecular subtypes of OS with prognosis, metabolic pattern and TME, and determined the composition and metabolic heterogeneity of immune cells in OS tumor by bulk RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq.
