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There is an urgent need for reliable data on the impacts of deforestation on tropical biodiversity. The city-state of Singapore has one of the most detailed biodiversity records in the tropics, dating back to the turn of the 19th century. In 1819, Singapore was almost entirely covered in primary forest, but this has since been largely cleared. We compiled more than 200 y of records for 10 major taxonomic groups in Singapore (>50,000 individual records; >3,000 species), and we estimated extinction rates using recently developed and novel statistical models that account for "dark extinctions," i.e., extinctions of undiscovered species. The estimated overall extinction rate was 37% (95% CI [31 to 42%]). Extrapolating our Singapore observations to a future business-as-usual deforestation scenario for Southeast Asia suggests that 18% (95% CI [16 to 22%]) of species will be lost regionally by 2100. Our extinction estimates for Singapore and Southeast Asia are a factor of two lower than previous estimates that also attempted to account for dark extinctions. However, we caution that particular groups such as large mammals, forest-dependent birds, orchids, and butterflies are disproportionately vulnerable.
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Butterflies , Animals , Singapore , Conservation of Natural Resources , Extinction, Biological , Biodiversity , MammalsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effects of Tongyuan acupuncture combined with herbal medicine and moxibustion on the behavior and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related hormone levels in postpartum de-pression rats.To explore the therapeutic mechanism of this method in the treatment of postpartum depression.Meth-ods A total of 120 SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups(n=20).The blank group was not treated.The sham operation group was performed without surgery to remove the ovaries. The model group,drug group,routine acupuncture group and experimental group were established in the model of postpartum depression.After modeling successfully,the model group did not interfere with any treatment. The rats in treatment group were treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride. The acupuncture group was treated with acupuncture of Baihui and Taichong. The rats in the experimental group were treated with the method of acupuncture and moxibustion.At the end of the second and fourth week after the initiation of intervention,10 rats were randomly selected from each group.They were sacrificed and the levels of serum corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH),adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),cortisol (Cor)were measured.Results The levels of CRH,ACTH and Cor in the model group were higher than those in the blank group(P<0.05).The levels of serum CRH,ACTH and Cor in the drug group,routine acupuncture group and experimental group were lower than those in the model group(P<0.05).The levels of serum ACTH and Cor in the experimental group were lower than those in the drug group and routine acupuncture group(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum CRH,ACTH and Cor level between the experimental group and blank group(P >0.05).Conclusions Tongyuan acupuncture combined with salt moxibustion and Shenque have significant effects on the depressive symptoms and serum levels of CRH,ACTH and Cor in postpartum depression rats,which may be re-lated to the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related hormone levels.
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Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of external fixator and locking plate internal fixation via middle volar minimally invasive approach in the treatment of distal radius fractures.Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted on the clinical data of 51 patients with distal radius fractures admitted from October 2014 to August 2016.There were 21 males and 30 females,aged 41-78 years (mean,57 years).According to the random number table method,the patients were divided into minimally invasive plate group (25 cases) which adopted locking plate internal fixation via middle volar minimally invasive approach and external fixator group (26 cases) with closed reduction of external fixator.The AO classification of the fractures in minimally invasive plate group was as follows:A2 in four cases,A3 in five cases,B1 in four cases,B2 in two cases,B3 in seven cases,and C1 in three cases.The AO classification of the fractures in external fixator group was as follows:A2 in three cases,A3 in six cases,B1 in five cases,B2 in three cases,B3 in seven cases,and C1 in two cases.The total incision length,operation time,intraoperative blood loss,preoperative and postoperative radial height,palmar inclination angle,ulnar deviation angle,pain visual analogue score (VAS),wrist active motion range (palmar flexion,dorsal extension,pronation,supination,radial deviation,and ulnar deviation),relative contralateral grip force,and wrist function Mayo score were compared between the two groups.Results There were no significant differences in the total length of incision,operation time,intraoperative blood loss,VAS 3 d after operation,radius height,ulnar deviation,and radius height,palm inclination and ulnar deviation at 14 months after operation between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The palmar inclination was (9.6-± 0.6) ° in the minimally invasive plate group and (7.9 ± 0.6) ° in the external fixator group (P ＜ 0.05).The wrist active motion range (palmar flexion,dorsal extension,pronation,supination,radial deviation,and ulnar deviation) and relative contralateral grip strength 3 months after operation in the minimally invasive plate group were significantly better than those in the external fixator group (P ＜ 0.05).However,the Mayo score of wrist function at 14 months after operation was (88.7 ± 12.7)points in the minimally invasive plate group and (88.7 ± 13.1)points in the external fixator group (P ＞ 0.05).Minimally invasive plate group showed median nerve stimulation in one case.External fixator group showed redness around the nail,increased temperature,and increase secretion of the infection in one case,and joint stiffness in one case after external fixation removal.But all symptoms were improved or resolved after treatment.Conclusion Both locking plate via minimally invasive approach and external fixator can achieve good results in the treatment of distal radius fractures,but the former method has better effects on early functional recovery than the latter one.
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Objective To understand the mental health status between left‐behind children and un‐left‐behind children during primary school period in Yongchuan district of Chongqing city ,and to provide the theoretical basis for the study of the left‐behind children children′s mental problems and formulating the strategy and measures for preventing their psychological problems .Methods The Mental Health Rate Scale for Pupil (M HRSP) was used to evaluate the mental health condition in 4 987 primary school pu‐pils from 4 primary schools in Yongcuan discrict ,including 3 482 un‐left‐behind children(69 .82% ) and 1 505 left‐behind children (30 .18% ) .Results Totally 4 753 effective questionnaires were taken back with the effective rate of 95 .31% .The detection rate of total score deviation in left‐behind children was 13 .98% ,which was significantly higher than in un‐left‐behind children(6 .33% ) . The deviation detection rate of learning disabilities in left‐behind children was 14 .90% ,emotional disorder was 16 .81% ,character flaw was 12 .36% ,social adjustment disorder was 13 .91% ,moral defect was 14 .27% ,bad habits was 15 .61% ,behavior disorder rate was 16 .53% and the special obstacles was 11 .72% .Compared with un‐left‐behind children ,excluding the character flaw ,social adjustment and moral defect ,the deviation detection rate and scores of other 5 items in left‐behind children were higher than those in un‐left‐behind children .The scores of learning disabilities ,emotional disorder and bad habits in male pupils were higher than those in female pupils with statistical difference(P< 0 .05) .The scores of learning disabilities ,emotional disorder ,character flaw and behavior disorder in the high grade pupils were higher than those in the low grade pupils ,the differences were statistically sig‐nificant(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The mental health level of rural left‐behind children in Yongchuan district is low ,the problems are more serious compared with un‐left‐behind children .In carrying out the mental health education work in primary school pupils ,es‐pecially the mental health education should be paid attention to rural left‐behind children ,moreover the mental health education should be carried out aiming at different ages and different genders .
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@#Objective To evaluate the accuracy of Intraoperative Iso-C3D navigation guiding cervical pedicle screw fixation. Methods Twenty-two cases adopted cervical pedicle screw fixation of cervical spine, including 9 cervical spine fractures, 4 cervical tumors, 6 cervical destabilizing, 3 cervical syndrome. The cervical pedicle screw position were assessed with post-operative CT by grade. Results One hundred and twelve screws were fixed in 22 cases successfully. Grade: 107 in A grade (95.5%); 3 in B grade: 1 in C grade; 1 in D grade. There were not any complication. Conclusion Intraoperative Iso-C3D navigation can improve precision of cervical petiole screw fixation distinctively.
