ABSTRACT
The absorption of ursodeoxycholate and its tauro-conjugate by the jejunum and the terminal ileum of rat intestine was compared with that of other unconjugated bile acids and taurocholate. In the ligated jejunum, the efficacy of absorption of unconjugated bile acids was in the following order: ursodeoxycholate = deoxycholate > chenodeoxycholate = cholate > lithocholate. This order cannot be explained by the theory that the passive diffusion of bile acids is faster the less hydroxyl bonds in the molecule. These findings on the unconjugated bile acids in the ligated jejunum were further confirmed by perfusion experiments. In the ligated terminal ileum, ursodeoxycholate, cholate and deoxycholate were absorbed as fast as taurocholate or tauroursodeoxycholate, whereas absorption of chenodeoxycholate was significantly slower. The Na+-dependency of the absorption of ursodeoxycholate and cholate in the terminal ileum was confirmed by perfusion studies. In conclusion, intestinal absorption of ursodeoxycholate was efficient in both the jejunum and ileum and these results may contribute to the high availability of ursodeoxycholate in various hepatobiliary diseases.
Subject(s)
Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Ileum/metabolism , Jejunum/metabolism , Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid/metabolism , Animals , Intestinal Absorption/physiology , Ligation , Male , Perfusion , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Time Factors , Ursodeoxycholic Acid/metabolismABSTRACT
The absorption of lithocholate and its sulfate and glucuronide in rat jejunum and terminal ileum was studied. Tracer amounts of radiolabelled bile acids were administered to the ligated intestinal segments, and their absorption was monitored by biliary excretion through a bile duct catheter. Absorption of lithocholate was faster in the terminal ileum than in the jejunum. Although the sulfation reduced lithocholate absorption in the jejunum, it did not affect lithocholate absorption in the terminal ileum. This was due to the Na+-dependency of ileal absorption of lithocholate-sulfate assessed by perfusion studies. In contrast, the glucuronidation markedly reduced lithocholate absorption both in the jejunum and the terminal ileum. These findings indicate that the glucuronidation is more effective than sulfation in detoxifying lithocholate as far as the prevention of its intestinal absorption is concerned.
Subject(s)
Glucuronates/pharmacokinetics , Ileum/metabolism , Jejunum/metabolism , Lithocholic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Lithocholic Acid/pharmacokinetics , Absorption , Animals , Cholagogues and Choleretics/pharmacokinetics , Ileum/diagnostic imaging , Jejunum/diagnostic imaging , Male , Perfusion , Radioisotopes , Radionuclide Imaging , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Taurocholic Acid/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Gallstones are often complicated with diseases such as liver cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia, post-valvular replacement, post-gastrectomy, biliary tract cancers, diabetes mellitus, and during clofibrate therapy. The frequency of gallstones, types of stones and their pathogenesis in these situations are discussed in this chapter. In liver cirrhosis, hemolytic anemia and post-valvular replacement, black stone formation is enhanced due to bilirubin over-production, caused mainly by hemolysis. Bilirubin stone formation is accelerated gastrectomy and by biliary tract cancer, because of the decrease in gallbladder contraction, cholestasis and bacterial infection, etc. The incidence of cholesterol gallstone is high in patients with diabetes mellitus and with clofibrate therapy.
Subject(s)
Cholelithiasis/complications , Cholelithiasis/epidemiology , Anemia, Hemolytic/complications , Biliary Tract Neoplasms/complications , Diabetes Complications , Female , Humans , Incidence , Japan/epidemiology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
We report a case of flomoxef-induced pneumonitis. A 22-year-old man was treated with flomoxef following liver biopsy. A few days later he developed a high fever and severe dyspnea, and his chest X-ray film revealed diffuse reticulo-nodular shadows in both lung fields. We suspected interstitial pneumonitis due to flomoxef, and pulse therapy with methylprednisolone was started. He showed rapid recovery of symptoms and marked regression of pulmonary infiltration in his chest X-ray. Lymphocyte stimulation test was positive to flomoxef, which was compatible with the diagnosis of drug-induced pneumonitis. To our knowledge, there has been no previous case of pulmonary hypersensitivity to flomoxef reported in Japan.
Subject(s)
Cephalosporins/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity/etiology , Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced , Adult , Biopsy , Humans , Liver/pathology , Lymphocyte Activation , MaleSubject(s)
Anabolic Agents/adverse effects , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/etiology , Glucocorticoids/adverse effects , Gonadal Steroid Hormones/adverse effects , Androgens/adverse effects , Animals , Bile Acids and Salts/adverse effects , Contraceptive Agents/adverse effects , Cortisone/adverse effects , Cricetinae , Estrogens/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/adverse effects , Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced , Male , Prednisolone/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Neuronal necrosis in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamus regions is easily induced in 1-day-old Chinese hamsters by the administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). New-born Chinese hamsters injected with MSG showed no sign of obesity, even when grown up, but apparently developed a diabetic syndrome.
