ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Fruits of Morus alba L. (mulberry) have various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and anthocyanins and used as a herbal medicine. However, the anti-cancer effects and molecular basis have not been elucidated. METHODS: We isolated the cyanidin-3-glucoside in various cultivar of mulberry by acidified-methanol extraction methods. This molecule were compared mass spectroscopic properties by LC-MS/MS and analyzed by 1H and 13C NMR. We examined the anti-cancer effect with molecular mechanisms of the cyanidin-3-glucoside on MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cells and xenograft animal model. RESULTS: The treatment with the mulberry cyanidin-3-glucoside decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner with alteration of apoptotic protein contents, and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that cells undergo apoptosis. Supporting the observations, Treatment with the cyanidin-3-glucoside showed active apoptosis by caspase-3 cleavage and DNA fragmentation through Bcl-2 and Bax pathway. Indeed, cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibits tumor growth in MDA-MB-453 cells-inoculated nude mice. Tumor growth of xenograft nude mouse was significantly reduced compared to the control group by the cyanidin-3-glucoside. CONCLUSION: The data demonstrate that cyanidin-3-glucoside isolated from mulberry induced apoptosis in breast cancer (MDA-MB-453) cells, and therefore, has a potential as an anti-cancer agent. These results show that mulberry cyanidin-3-glucoside inhibit the proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo model and, indicating the inhibition of tumor progression.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology , Caspase 3/metabolism , DNA Fragmentation/drug effects , Glucosides/pharmacology , Morus/chemistry , Animals , Anthocyanins/chemistry , Anthocyanins/metabolism , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/metabolism , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Female , Glucosides/chemistry , Glucosides/metabolism , Humans , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Mice , Mice, Inbred ICR , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
An effective method for the 3D porous scaffold design of human tissue is presented based on a hybrid method of distance field and triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS). By the creative application of traditional distance field algorithm into the Boolean operations of the anatomical model and TPMS-based unit cell library, an almost defects free porous scaffolds having the complicated micro-structure and high quality external surface faithful to a specific anatomic model can be easily obtained without the difficult and time-consuming trimming and re-meshing processes. After generating the distance fields for the given tissue model and required internal micro-structure, a series of simple modifications in distance fields enable us to obtain a complex porous scaffold. Experimental results show that the proposed scaffold design method has the potential to combine the perfectly interconnected pore networks based on the TPMS unit cell libraries and the given external geometry in a consistent framework irrespective of the complexity of the models.
