Associations of childhood maltreatment with binge eating and binge drinking in emerging adult women.

Background: Binge drinking and binge eating are prevalent, frequently co-occurring, high-risk behaviors among emerging adult women, each with physical and psychological consequences. The mechanisms driving their co-occurrence are not well understood, though a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may increase the risk for both binge behaviors. Objective: To assess the association between ACE subtypes and individual and co-occurring binge drinking and eating in emerging adult women. Participants and Setting: A diverse sample of women participating in the population-based study EAT 2018: Eating and Activity over Time (N = 788; aged 18-30; 19% Asian, 22% Black, 19% Latino, and 36% White). Methods: Multinomial logistic regression estimated associations among ACE subtypes (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, household dysfunction), and binge drinking, binge eating, and their co-occurrence. Results are reported as predicted probabilities (PP) of each outcome. Results: Over half of the sample (62%) reported at least one ACE. In models mutually adjusted for other ACEs, physical and emotional abuse showed the strongest associations with binge behaviors. Experiences of physical abuse had the strongest association with a ten-percentage point higher predicted probability of binge drinking (PP = 37%, 95% [CI 27-47%]) and seven-percentage point higher PP of co-occurring binge eating and drinking (PP = 12%, 95% CI [5-19%]). Emotional abuse had the strongest association with an 11-percentage point higher PP binge eating only (PP = 20%, 95% CI [11-29%]). Conclusions: This study found childhood physical and emotional abuse to be particularly relevant risk factors for binge drinking, binge eating, and their co-occurrence among emerging adult women.

The prognostic role of tertiary Gleason pattern 5 in a contemporary grading system for prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a new prostate cancer (PC) grading system has been introduced, where Gleason score (GS) 7 (3+4) and GS 7 (4+3) are categorized into two separate groups. However, GS 7 with tertiary Gleason pattern 5 (TGP5) was not incorporated in the new grading system. In the present study, we validated the prognostic role of TGP5 in the new classification. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 1396 patients with localized GS 6-8 PC (pT2-3N0M0) who underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution between 2005 and 2014. After excluding patients who received neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy, or had incomplete pathological or follow-up data, 1229 patients were included in the final analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate and compare the probabilities of biochemical recurrence (BCR). Cox regression models were used to investigate associations between variables and the risk of BCR. RESULTS: Of 732 GS 7 patients, 75 (10.2%) had a TGP5. The BCR-free survival rate for men with TGP5 was significantly worse than for those without TGP5 (P<0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analyses for GS 7 PC, TGP5 was a significant predictor of BCR (hazard ratio 1.750, P=0.027). When the total cohort was stratified into four grade groups according to the new classification, group 2 with TGP5 had a BCR risk comparable to group 3, and group 3 with TGP5 behaved like group 4. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that TGP5 increased the BCR risk after RP in GS 7 PC. Moreover, we demonstrated that the presence of a TGP5 in GS 7 upgraded the BCR risk to one comparable with the next higher category under the new classification. These findings support incorporating TGP5 into GS 7 to aid with future risk assessment and follow-up scheduling for PC.

Prognostic impact of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio after radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has a prognostic value in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving systemic therapy. However, the prognostic significance of NLR was never previously evaluated in patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) for prostate cancer. In the present study, we investigated the influence of NLR on survival after a RP for prostate cancer. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 2301 patients with prostate cancer who underwent RP at our institution between 2000 and 2010. Among these patients, we considered only patients who had a preoperative complete blood count with differential result available. Patients who received neoadjuvant or postoperative adjuvant treatment (radiation, androgen deprivation therapy or both) and those without adequate medical record were excluded. A Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to analyze biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS), overall survival (OS) and prostate cancer-specific survival (CSS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used for each end point. RESULTS: In total, 2067 patients were evaluated; median follow-up time was 78 months (interquartile range (IQR) 65-96), median age at RP was 66 years (IQR 61-70) and median preoperative NLR was 1.76 (IQR 1.35-2.40). A Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant association between high NLR (⩾1.76) and decreased CSS (P=0.005) and OS (P=0.003) but not with BCRFS (P=0.223). In the univariate and multivariate regression analyses, a high NLR was a significant predictor of CSS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.012, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.222-3.310, P=0.006) and OS (HR 1.650, 95% CI 1.127-2.416, P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that in patients with prostate cancer preoperative NLR is an independent prognostic factor for OS and CSS after a RP and suggests that a preoperative hematologic workup should be considered in the risk assessment of these patients.

Demonstration of Epstein-Barr virus in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

BACKGROUND: Although considerable insight has been gamed into Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as an important etiologic factor in various tumors, virtually little is known about the relationship between EBV genes and oral tumors. METHOD: Thirty-two cases of nonodontogenic tumor (16 squamous cell carcinomas, 11 salivary gland tumors, 1 malignant lymphoma, 1 spindle cell sarcoma, 1 osteogenic sarcoma, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma and 1 verrucous carcinoma), 17 cases of odontogenic tumor (17 ameloblastomas, the most important and common type of odontogenic tumor) and 12 cases of normal oral tissue (8 normal gingival tissues and other oral mucosa) were examined for the presence of EBV-DNA, with primers specific for the BamW, BNRF1, BMLF1, BamC, IR3, BMRF1, EBNA-2A BamhY, and EBNA-2B BamhY region of the EBV genome by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Fifty-three percent (17/32) of nonodontogenic tumors, forty-eight percent (8/17) of ameloblastomas, and ninety-two percent (11/12) of normal oral tissues were positive for EBV-DNA. Of the EBV-DNA, BMLF1 demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the nonodontogenic tumors, and BamC demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the ameloblastomas and normal oral mucosae. CONCLUSIONS: Taken into account with the expression of different EBV genes in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors, these findings suggest that even though odontogenic tumors and nonodontogenic tumors are relatively unique, the appearance of different EBV genes seems to suggest the complicated roles that the EBV genes play.

Flow cytometric evaluation on the age-dependent changes of testicular DNA contents in rats.

An age-dependent cellular change of DNA contents in the testis of Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated by flow-cytometric method. Testicular cell suspensions at the age of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16 and 26 weeks were prepared and stained with propidium iodide. The relative proportions in the number of mature and immature haploid (1n), diploid (2n), S-phase and tetraploid (4n) cells were calculated. The proportion in the number of mature haploid cells was sharply increased to the age of 10 weeks (about 38%), thereafter increased slightly to the level of 42% at the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of immature haploid cells was dramatically increased to the age of 6 weeks, then maintained at the level of 20 to 30% thereafter. The proportion of diploid cells was 64% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually through the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of S-phase cells was increased to the age of 4 weeks, then maintained at a plateau level to the age of 26 weeks. The proportion of tetraploid cells were about 26% at the age of 4 weeks, then decreased gradually to the age of 26 weeks. These results suggest that the proportions of testicular cells may depend on the age of the rat and that the flow cytometric method may be useful in the evaluation of the spermatogenic status with regard to accuracy and sensitivity.

Effect of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether on the spermatogenesis in pubertal and adult rats.

The effects of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) on testicular cell populations in pubertal (5 weeks old) and adult (9 weeks old) male rats were investigated by a flow cytometric method. A total of 50 rats (in number, 25 pubertal and 25 adult rats) was divided into 5 experimental groups including 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg EGEE/kg of body weight. The animals were administered by gavage for 4 weeks. In adult rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight decreased significantly the populations of haploid, while it increased those of diploid and tetraploid cells. In pubertal rats, the treatment of EGEE at the dose of 400 mg/kg of body weight caused only minimal changes in the relative percent of testicular cell types. These results suggest that the effects of EGEE on testicular function in pubertal rats appear to be less pronounced than in adult rats.

Frequent somatic mutations in serine/threonine kinase 11/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in left-sided colon cancer.

We analyzed somatic mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11)/Peutz-Jeghers syndrome gene in 49 colorectal tumors in three different stages of a dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. We detected LOH in 10 of 19 (52.6%) informative colorectal cancers at loci D19S886 and/or D19S883, but no LOH was observed in 25 informative adenomas. We detected a total of 9 somatic mutations [7 of 13 (53.8%) left-sided colon cancers and 2 of 7 (28.6%) left-sided adenomas with high-grade dysplasia], but no mutations were detected in right-sided colon tumors. Of the nine mutations, one was a frameshift mutation (the same mutation detected in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome family previously), and the other eight were missense mutations. This results indicate that STK11 is a tumor suppressor gene and that genetic changes of STK11 play an important role in left-sided colon cancer carcinogenesis.