Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology.

The efficient extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peels using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was investigated. A Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of four independent variables (water content, liquid-to-solid ratio, ultrasonic power, and extraction time) on total polyphenol content (TPC), punicalagin content (PC), and ellagic acid content (EC). Optimized DES-based UAE conditions were as follows: TPC (water content, 29.30%; liquid-to-solid ratio, 53.50 mL/g; ultrasonic power, 238.20 W; extraction time, 29.50 min), PC (water content, 25.65%; liquid-to-solid ratio, 44.20 mL/g; ultrasonic power, 120 W; extraction time, 20 min), and EC (water content, 33.13%; liquid-to-solid ratio, 60 mL/g; ultrasonic power, 300 W; extraction time, 20 min). Under these optimal conditions, the experimental values for TPC, PC, and EC were 67.50 mg GAE/g, 130.65 mg/g, and 2.04 mg/g, respectively; these values were consistent with the predicted values.

Effectiveness of motion style acupuncture treatment for patients with shoulder disorders: A prospective observational study.

CONTEXT: Shoulder disorders impair the ability to work. In most cases, the primary symptoms caused by shoulder disorders consist of pain and limitations in the range of motion. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of motion style acupuncture treatment (MSAT), a conservative treatment modality for shoulder disorders. DESIGN: prospective observational study SETTING: A Korean Medicine hospital PATIENTS: Eighty outpatients with shoulder disorders INTERVENTION: Either MSAT with integrative Korean medicine treatment (MSAT group; n = 40) or integrative Korean medicine treatment only (control group; n = 40). OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the shoulder range of motion (ROM), and the secondary outcomes were the numeric rating scale (NRS), visual analog scale (VAS), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and 5-level EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D-5L) scores. RESULTS: At the primary endpoint (2 weeks from the start of the treatment), the MSAT group showed statistically significantly larger ROM for all motions, except adduction ROM, compared to the control group [Flexion ROM (165.10±4.14 vs. 150.49±4.06; P<0.001), extension ROM (43.24±1.55 vs. 40.56±1.51; P<0.05), abduction ROM (160.92±5.68 vs. 134.95±5.54; P<0.001), internal rotation ROM (73.38±2.96 vs. 65.00±2.89; P<0.001), and external rotation ROM (73.78±3.61 vs. 65.88±3.50; P<0.01)]. Additionally, the MSAT group showed significantly lower NRS, SPADI scores at week 2 than the control group; this trend was maintained until the 3-month follow-up.

Functional properties and biological activities of perilla seed meal protein hydrolysates obtained by using different proteolytic enzymes.

In this study, we aimed to determine the potential functional properties and biological activities of the hydrolysates of perilla seed meal (PSM), which is a by-product of perilla seed oil extraction. PSM protein was hydrolyzed independently by using five proteases, and their functional and biological properties were analyzed. PSM protein hydrolysate exhibited high solubility at most of the tested pH values, and the trypsin-treated hydrolysate exhibited the highest water and oil absorption capacity. The neutrase-treated hydrolysate was most effective in scavenging the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine radicals, whereas the pepsin-treated hydrolysate showed the highest angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory effect, and anti-inflammatory activity. Trypsin-treated hydrolysate exhibited the highest scavenging activity against of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals with the IC50 of 109.72 µg/mL. The results of the present study suggest that the type of protease used for the treatment significantly influences the functional properties and biological activities of the resulting PSM protein hydrolysates.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of perilla seed meal yields water-soluble dietary fiber as a potential functional carbohydrate source.

This study was conducted with an aim to produce a novel water-soluble fiber (WSF) by enzymatic hydrolysis of perilla seed meal (PSM), which could be used as a functional food material. The cellulose fraction (CF) and hemicellulose fraction (HF) derived from PSM were hydrolyzed using Celluclast 1.5 L and Viscozyme L, respectively. Although WSF produced from PSM had low acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, WSF exhibited excellent antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-dementia activities, and effectively delayed the diffusion of glucose and bile acid from the dialysis membranes. In particular, WSF produced from CF showed a significantly higher bile acid retarding index than pectin, and WSF obtained from HF had low IC50 values for radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Thus, these results suggest that the WSF derived from PSM by enzymatic hydrolysis can be used as functional carbohydrate source such as additive and a dietary supplement in the food industry.

Purification and identification of an antioxidant peptide from perilla seed (Perilla frutescens) meal protein hydrolysate.

This study aimed to obtain antioxidant peptides from perilla seed meal (PSM), which is normally discarded as an industrial waste during seed oil extraction. PSM protein was hydrolyzed using trypsin and fractionated by ultrafiltration. Molecular weight fraction (<3 kDa) with the highest antioxidant activity was purified using prep-HPLC and analytical HPLC. The purification fold of the peptide (fraction V) obtained from PSM protein hydrolysate on DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, and reducing power was 1.79-, 1.59-, and 1.81-fold, respectively, after the three-step purification procedure. The sequence of the purified peptide from fraction V that exhibited free radical scavenging activity and reducing power was identified as Ile-Ser-Pro-Arg-Ile-Leu-Ser-Tyr-Asn-Leu-Arg (1,330.77 Da). These results demonstrate that PSM protein, a by-product from the oil seed extraction, can be used as a source of natural antioxidant peptides for food and/or nutraceutical applications.

Hydrolysis conditions for antioxidant peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus).

Sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) meat and roe were used as natural materials for the preparation of antioxidant peptides using enzymatic hydrolysis. Meat and roe were hydrolyzed using Alcalase 2.4 L and Collupulin MG, respectively. Optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined through the effects of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration, and hydrolysis time on the radical scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The optimal hydrolysis conditions for meat hydrolysate (MHA) obtained via Alcalase 2.4 L treatment were a pH of 6.0, temperature of 70 °C, enzyme concentration of 5% (w/w), and a hydrolysis time of 3 h. The optimal hydrolysis conditions for roe hydrolysate (RHC) obtained via Collupulin MG treatment were pH 9.0, 60 °C temperature, 5% (w/w) enzyme concentration, and 1 h hydrolysis time. Under the optimal conditions, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of MHA and RHC were 60.04 and 79.65%, respectively. These results provide fundamental data for the production of antioxidant peptides derived from sandfish hydrolysates.

Degradation products of mangiferin by gamma irradiation with inhibitory effects on NO production.

The xanthone glucoside mangiferin (1) was converted by γ-irradiation into three new compounds, mangiferdiol (2), mangiferinol (3), and isomangiferinol (4). The new compound 2 containing two hydroxymethyl groups instead of a ketone moiety exhibited significantly improved inhibitory activity against nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with IC50 value 47.1 ± 1.7 µM, compared to the mother mangiferin.

Comparison of antioxidant activity in wild plant (Adenophora triphylla) leaves and roots as a potential source of functional foods.

Adenophora triphylla is commonly used in food materials and oriental medicine as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antitussive. In the present study, the leaves and roots of A. triphylla were extracted with water and ethanol, respectively, to examine the extracts' in vitro antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents, as well as A. triphylla's potential as a new functional food source and safe and inexpensive supply of antioxidants. Different antioxidant tests were employed and the results were compared with ascorbic acid as a standard antioxidant. The total extractable contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which relate to antioxidant activity in medicinal plants, were also measured. The leaf extracts had notable levels of total phenolics and flavonoids and showed high radical and nitrite scavenging activities as well as inhibition activity against enzymes that induce oxidation. These results suggest that A. triphylla leaves are a potential ingredient for food supplements and a natural source of antioxidants.

Production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria.

Research was undertaken to determine the suitability of cabbage as a raw material for production of probiotic cabbage juice by lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum C3, Lactobacillus casei A4, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii D7). Cabbage juice was inoculated with a 24-h-old lactic culture and incubated at 30 degrees C. Changes in pH, acidity, sugar content, and viable cell counts during fermentation under controlled conditions were monitored. L. casei, L. delbrueckii, and L. plantarum grew well on cabbage juice and reached nearly 10x10(8) CFU/mL after 48 h of fermentation at 30 degrees C. L. casei, however, produced a smaller amount of titratable acidity expressed as lactic acid than L. delbrueckii or L. plantarum. After 4 weeks of cold storage at 4 degrees C, the viable cell counts of L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii were still 4.1x10(7) and 4.5x10(5) mL(-1), respectively. L. casei did not survive the low pH and high acidity conditions in fermented cabbage juice and lost cell viability completely after 2 weeks of cold storage at 4 degrees C. Fermented cabbage juice could serve as a healthy beverage for vegetarians and lactose-allergic consumers.

Purification and characterization of an alkaline serine protease producing angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from Bacillus sp. SS103.

An alkaline serine protease that hydrolyzes soybean protein into strong angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory hydrolysates was isolated from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. SS103 and purified. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by gel filtration, cationic exchange column chromatography, and anionic exchange column chromatography. When run on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing gel, the purified enzyme gave a 36-kDa band and pI 5.5, respectively. The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 11.0 and 50 degrees C. This enzyme activity was highly inhibited by aprotinin, suggesting it belongs to the serine protease class of enzymes. The K (m) and V (max) of the enzyme, when casein was used for the substrate, were 9.7 x 10-4 mM and 244 microg/minute, respectively. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the purified alkaline protease isolated from Bacillus sp. SS103 should be further studied for production of biofunctional hydrolysates.

Probiotication of tomato juice by lactic acid bacteria.

This study was undertaken to determine the suitability of tomato juice as a raw material for production of probiotic juice by four lactic acid bacteria (Latobacillus acidophilus LA39, Lactobacillus plantarum C3, Lactobacillus casei A4, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii D7). Tomato juice was inoculated with a 24-h-old culture and incubated at 30 degrees C. Changes in pH, acidity, sugar content, and viable cell counts during fermentation under controlled conditions were measured. The lactic acid cultures reduced the pH to 4.1 or below and increased the acidity to 0.65% or higher, and the viable cell counts (CFU) reached nearly 1.0 to 9.0 x 10(9)/ml after 72 h fermentation. The viable cell counts of the four lactic acid bacteria in the fermented tomato juice ranged from 10(6) to 10(8) CFU/ml after 4 weeks of cold storage at 4 degrees C. Probiotic tomato juice could serve as a health beverage for vegetarians or consumers who are allergic to dairy products.