ABSTRACT
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)δ inhibition is one of the most attractive approaches to the treatment of autoimmune diseases and leukocyte malignancies. Through the exploration of pyrazolopyridine derivatives as potential PI3Kδ inhibitors, compound 12a was identified as a potent PI3Kδ inhibitor but suffered from poor oral exposure in mice. With a modified amide linkage group, compound 15a was developed as an orally available PI3Kδ inhibitor with reduced selectivity against other PI3Ks. To improve the trade-off between selectivity and PK profile, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of terminal substituents on the pyrolidine ring were conducted. As a result, we developed potent PI3Kδ inhibitors with good oral availability. In particular, the representative compound 15j showed excellent selectivity for PI3Kδ over other PI3Ks with good oral exposure in mice.
Subject(s)
Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyridines/pharmacology , Administration, Oral , Animals , Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Female , Humans , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics , Pyrazoles/administration & dosage , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacokinetics , Pyridines/administration & dosage , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/pharmacokinetics , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitorsABSTRACT
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), an amine oxidase that is also known as a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), is present in particularly high levels in human plasma, and is considered a potential therapeutic target for various inflammatory diseases, including diabetes complications such as macular edema. In our VAP-1 inhibitor program, structural modifications following high-throughput screening (HTS) of our compound library resulted in the discovery that thiazole derivative 10, which includes a guanidine group, shows potent human VAP-1 inhibitory activity (IC(50) of 230 nM; rat IC(50) of 14 nM). Moreover, compound 10 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on ocular permeability in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
