ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has recently been associated with the development of bradyarrhythmias, although its mechanism is still unclear. We aim to summarize the existing evidence regarding bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 and provide future directions for research. Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews, we searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for all peer-reviewed articles using keywords including"Bradycardia," "atrioventricular block," and "COVID-19â³ from their inception to October 13, 2021. Forty-three articles, including 11 observational studies and 59 cases from case reports and series, were included in the systematic review. Although some observational studies reported increased mortality in those with bradyarrhythmia and COVID-19, the lack of comparative groups and small sample sizes hinder the ability to draw definitive conclusions. Among 59 COVID-19 patients with bradycardia from case reports and series, bradycardia most often occurred in those with severe or critical COVID-19, and complete heart block occurred in the majority of cases despite preserved LVEF (55.9%). Pacemaker insertion was required in 76.3% of the patients, most of which were permanent implants (45.8%). This systematic review summarizes the current evidence and characteristics of bradyarrhythmia in patients with COVID-19. Further studies are critical to assess the reversibility of bradyarrhythmia in COVID-19 patients and to clarify potential therapeutic targets including the need for permanent pacing.
Subject(s)
Atrioventricular Block , COVID-19 , Atrioventricular Block/complications , Bradycardia/therapy , COVID-19/complications , HumansABSTRACT
Mural endocarditis is an inflammation and disruption of the nonvalvular endocardial surface of the cardiac chambers. We present a rare case of mural endocarditis on the intraventricular (IV) septum on both the left and right ventricular side with intact valvular annulus. This case highlights the complexity of the operative and postoperative management in an unprecedented case of biventricular mural endocarditis.
