INPP4B exerts a dual role in gastric cancer progression and prognosis.

Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) negatively regulates PI3K-Akt signalling and plays diverse roles in different types of cancer, but its role in gastric cancer (GC) is still unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the function and clinical relevance of INPP4B in GC. INPP4B expression was detected in GC tissues and nontumour tissues. The effect of INPP4B on the phenotypic changes of AGS and BGC-823 cells was investigated in vitro. The activation of serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 3 (SGK3) and AKT were used to evaluate the specific mechanistic function of INPP4B in GC cells. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels of INPP4B were decreased in GC tissues compared with nontumour tissues. INPP4B expression was associated with tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) stage and histopathological differentiation. In addition, high INPP4B expression in GC patients with large tumour size/low-undifferentiated/TNM's III-IV stage was correlated with a poor prognosis but it was correlated with a better prognosis in patients with small tumour size/high-moderate differentiated/TNM's I-II stage patients. In addition, INPP4B knockdown inhibited proliferation, clonal formation and migration and promoted cell apoptosis in vitro, while INPP4B overexpression led to the opposite effects. Mechanistically, we found that INPP4B overexpression enhanced the phosphorylation of SGK3 (p-SGK3) in AGS cells, whereas INPP4B knockdown enhanced the p-Akt level in BGC823 cells. These findings suggested that the expression of INPP4B in GC is lower than that in normal tissues. Based on stratification survival analysis and in vitro cell experiments, INPP4B may play dual roles as an oncogene and tumour suppressor gene in different tissue grades and clinical stages.

Expression and functional characterization of INPP4B in gallbladder cancer patients and gallbladder cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) is a negative regulator of the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and plays a contradictory role in different types of cancers. However, the its biological role played by INPP4B in human gallbladder cancer (GBC) has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the expression, clinical significance and biological function of INPP4B in GBC patients and cell lines. METHODS: The INPP4B protein expression levels in gallbladder cancer tissues and normal gallbladder tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the clinical significance of INPP4B was analysed. Knockdown and overexpression of INPP4B in GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells followed by cell proliferation, clonogenic, apoptosis detection, scratch wound-healing and transwell assays were used to identify INPP4B function in vitro. RESULTS: INPP4B was up-regulated in human GBC tissues compared with normal gallbladder tissues and was related to histopathological differentiation (p = 0.026). Here, we observed that INPP4B was highly expressed in high-moderately differentiated tumours compared with low-undifferentiated tumours (p = 0.022). Additionally, we found that INPP4B expression was not associated with overall survival of GBC patients (p = 0.071) and was not an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, when we stratified the relationship between INPP4B expression and the prognosis of GBC based on histopathological differentiation, we found that INPP4B played a contradictory role in GBC progression depending on the degree of differentiation. In addition, INPP4B knockdown inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion in GBC cells, while INPP4B overexpression had the opposite effects in vitro, which indicates its role as an oncoprotein. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that INPP4B may play a dual role in the prognosis of GBC depending on the degree of differentiation and that INPP4B might act as an oncogene in gallbladder cancer cells.

Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1alpha (HIF-1A) plays different roles in Gallbladder Cancer and Normal Gallbladder Tissues.

Purpose: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1A) is a transcription factor that plays an "angiogenic switch" role especially under hypoxia microenvironment in solid tumor. However, the functions and clinical significance of HIF-1A in gallbladder cancer (GBC) are still controversial, and it has not been studied in normal gallbladder tissues. In this study, we sought to clarify the role of sub-cellular localization of HIF-1A expression in GBC and normal gallbladder tissues. Methods: The expressions of HIF-1A and CD34 in 127 GBC and 47 normal gallbladder tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Cox's proportional hazards model analysis and Kaplan-Meier method analysis were used to assess the correlations between these factors and clinicopathological features and prognosis. Results: HIF-1A was expressed in both cytoplasm and nucleus of GBC and normal control tissues, and was significantly correlated with microvessel density (MVD). GBC tissues with positive nuclear HIF-1A expression had higher MVD compared to that with positive cytoplasmic HIF-1A expression; however, in normal gallbladder tissues, samples with positive cytoplasmic HIF-1A had higher MVD compared to that with positive nuclear HIF-1A expression. Moreover, GBC with nuclear HIF-1A expression tended to be more poorly differentiated and had larger tumor size compared to that with cytoplasm HIF-1A expression. Furthermore, GBC patients with nuclear HIF-1A positive were significantly correlated with worse overall survival (OS) compared with cytoplasmic HIF-1A positive. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified lymph node metastasis and nuclear HIF-1A expression to be independent prognostic parameter in GBC. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence for the first time that HIF-1A is expressed in normal gallbladder tissues. Nuclear HIF-1A and cytoplasm HIF-1A plays different roles in GBC and normal gallbladder tissues.

Increased expression of RBMS3 predicts a favorable prognosis in human gallbladder carcinoma.

Multiple regions in the short arm of chromosome 3 are frequently deleted in a variety of solid tumors including gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). RNA binding motif, single­stranded interacting protein 3 (RBMS3), a tumor suppressor gene (TSG), is located in this region. However, the role of RBMS3 in GBC remains unclear. Reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT­qPCR) and western blotting were performed to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression levels of RBMS3 in 41 fresh frozen GBC tissues and paired normal tissues. An immunohistochemical assay was performed on a tissue microarray (TMA, consisting of 125 cases GBC and 47 normal controls). Microvessel density (MVD) counts were determined using CD34 immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the correlations between RBMS3 expression, MVD and patient prognosis. Cellular functions including proliferation, clonogenicity and apoptosis, were assessed to further identify in vitro roles of RBMS3. It was revealed that both mRNA and protein expression levels of RBMS3 were significantly lower in GBC tissues than in normal controls. Multivariate Cox regression analyses demonstrated cytoplasmic RBMS3 expression as an independent prognostic factor correlated with GBC angiogenesis, histopathological differentiation and TNM stage. Kaplan­Meier curves revealed that patients with lower cytoplasmic RBMS3 levels had a significantly worse OS than patients with higher cytoplasmic RBMS3 expression. Additionally, ectopic expression of RBMS3 markedly suppressed GBC cell proliferation and clonogenicity and promoted apoptosis in vitro. These findings indicated the potential of cytoplasmic RBMS3 as a tumor prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for GBC.