Cellular morphological trait dataset for extant coccolithophores from the Atlantic Ocean.

Calcification and biomass production by planktonic marine organisms influences the global carbon cycle and fuels marine ecosystems. The major calcifying plankton group coccolithophores are highly diverse, comprising ca. 250-300 extant species. However, coccolithophore size (a key functional trait) and degree of calcification are poorly quantified, as most of our understanding of this group comes from a small number of species. We generated a novel reference dataset of coccolithophore morphological traits, including cell-specific data for coccosphere and cell size, coccolith size, number of coccoliths per cell, and cellular calcite content. This dataset includes observations from 1074 individual cells and represents 61 species from 25 genera spanning equatorial to temperate coccolithophore populations that were sampled during the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) 14 cruise in 2004. This unique dataset can be used to explore relationships between morphological traits (cell size and cell calcite) and environmental conditions, investigate species-specific and community contributions to pelagic carbonate production, export and plankton biomass, and inform and validate coccolithophore representation in marine ecosystem and biogeochemical models.

Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: An executive summary.

Five long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) are currently available in a limited number of countries worldwide for HIV-1 prevention or treatment - cabotegravir, rilpivirine, lenacapavir, ibalizumab, and dapivirine. Implementing use of LA ARVs in routine clinical practice requires significant changes to the current framework of HIV-1 prevention, treatment, and service provision. Given the novelty, complexity, and interdisciplinary requirements of safe and optimal use of LA ARVs, consensus recommendations on the use of LA ARVs will assist clinicians in optimizing use of these agents. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide guidance for the clinical use of LA ARVs for HIV-1 treatment and prevention. In addition, future areas of research are identified and discussed.

Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists.

Five long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) are currently available in a limited number of countries worldwide for HIV-1 prevention or treatment-cabotegravir, rilpivirine, lenacapavir, ibalizumab, and dapivirine. Implementing use of LA ARVs into routine clinical practice requires significant changes to the current framework of HIV-1 prevention, treatment, and service provision. Given the novelty, complexity, and interdisciplinary requirements needed to safely and optimally utilize LA ARVs, consensus recommendations on the use of LA ARVs will assist clinicians in optimizing use of these agents. The purpose of these recommendations is to provide guidance for the clinical use of LA ARVs for HIV-1 treatment and prevention. In addition, future areas of research are also identified and discussed.

Speed, Spectrum, and Satisfaction: Assessment of an Infectious Diseases eConsult Program.

This report examines the implementation and early functioning of a new infectious diseases (ID) eConsult program. We recorded the reasons for placing ID eConsults, time to eConsult completion, in-person clinic wait times, and referring provider satisfaction following implementation of our outpatient eConsult program. Our data suggest that this ambulatory eConsult program led to improved access to ID subspecialty care, both via eConsults directly, and by reducing clinic wait times for patients who required an in-person evaluation.

Taxonomy and morphology of Calciopappus curvus sp. nov. (Syracosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae), a novel appendage-bearing coccolithophore.

Based on scanning electron microscopy observations, a new species of the coccolithophore genus Calciopappus (Syracosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) is described from the surface waters off Bergen and from the lower photic zone of sub-tropical and tropical waters. Morphological, coccolith rim structure and biometric analyses strongly support separation of this morphotype from the two described Calciopappus species, but inclusion of it within the genus. The new form differs from the other species in being noticeably smaller and in morpho-structural details of each of the three coccolith types that form the coccosphere: (1) the body coccoliths have an open central area; (2) the whorl coccoliths have a wide central opening and two thumb-like protrusions; and (3) the appendage coccoliths are curved. On this basis, the species is formally described as Calciopappus curvus sp. nov., its systematic affinity is discussed and compared with other extant coccolithophores.

Dynamic three-dimensional printing: The future of bronchoscopic simulation training?

High-fidelity models are required for technical mastery of bronchoscopic procedures in the fields of anaesthesia, intensive care, surgery and respiratory medicine. Our group has created a three-dimensional (3D) airway model prototype to emulate physiological and pathological movement. Developed from the concepts of our previously described 3D printed paediatric trachea for airway management training, this model produces movements created by injection of air or saline through a side Luer Lock port. The anaesthesia and intensive care applications of the model could include bronchoscopic navigation through narrow pathologies and simulated bleeding tumours. It also has the potential to be used to practice placement of a double-lumen tube and broncho-alveolar lavage among other procedures. For surgical training, the model has high tissue realism and allows for rigid bronchoscopy. The novel and high-fidelity 3D printed airway model with dynamic pathologies represents capability to provide both generic and patient-specific advancement for all modes of anatomical representation. The prototype illustrates the potential of combining the fields of industrial design with clinical anaesthesia.

Neutrophil-intrinsic TNF receptor signaling orchestrates host defense against Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections and is a major health burden due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. To address the unmet need of alternative treatments to antibiotics, a better understanding of the protective immune mechanisms against S. aureus skin infection is warranted. Here, we report that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promoted protection against S. aureus in the skin, which was mediated by bone marrow-derived immune cells. Furthermore, neutrophil-intrinsic TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling directed immunity against S. aureus skin infections. Mechanistically, TNFR1 promoted neutrophil recruitment to the skin, whereas TNFR2 prevented systemic bacterial dissemination and directed neutrophil antimicrobial functions. Treatment with a TNFR2 agonist showed therapeutic efficacy against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections, which involved increased neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Our findings revealed nonredundant roles for TNFR1 and TNFR2 in neutrophils for immunity against S. aureus and can be therapeutically targeted for protection against bacterial skin infections.

Rapid diversification underlying the global dominance of a cosmopolitan phytoplankton.

Marine phytoplankton play important roles in the global ecosystem, with a limited number of cosmopolitan keystone species driving their biomass. Recent studies have revealed that many of these phytoplankton are complexes composed of sibling species, but little is known about the evolutionary processes underlying their formation. Gephyrocapsa huxleyi, a widely distributed and abundant unicellular marine planktonic algae, produces calcified scales (coccoliths), thereby significantly affects global biogeochemical cycles via sequestration of inorganic carbon. This species is composed of morphotypes defined by differing degrees of coccolith calcification, the evolutionary ecology of which remains unclear. Here, we report an integrated morphological, ecological and genomic survey across globally distributed G. huxleyi strains to reconstruct evolutionary relationships between morphotypes in relation to their habitats. While G. huxleyi has been considered a single cosmopolitan species, our analyses demonstrate that it has evolved to comprise at least three distinct species, which led us to formally revise the taxonomy of the G. huxleyi complex. Moreover, the first speciation event occurred before the onset of the last interglacial period (~140 ka), while the second followed during this interglacial. Then, further rapid diversifications occurred during the most recent ice-sheet expansion of the last glacial period and established morphotypes as dominant populations across environmental clines. These results suggest that glacial-cycle dynamics contributed to the isolation of ocean basins and the segregations of oceans fronts as extrinsic drivers of micro-evolutionary radiations in extant marine phytoplankton.

Built environment interventions and physical activity levels: A systematic review. / Intervenciones en el ambiente construido y niveles de actividad física: una revisión sistemática

INTRODUCTION: Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and physical activity is a key preventive strategy to reduce them. There is a relationship between the built environment and the practice of physical activity, but little evidence as to whether those built environment interventions not initially designed for promoting physical activity actually have an impact on promoting the behavior. OBJECTIVE: To identify whether such built environment interventions were able to change physical activity in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of interventions targeting modifications to the built environment changes in urban areas. RESULTS: Out of 5,605 articles reviewed, only seven met our inclusion criteria. The seven studies found higher levels of physical activity after the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend greater specificity regarding the study design, the timeline of interventions implementation and post-intervention measurements, as well as the use of more objective measures. Finally, we point out the need to make more explicit the mechanisms of change related to the interventions assessed.

Introducción. Las enfermedades no transmisibles son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo y la actividad física es una estrategia preventiva clave para reducirlas. Hay una relación entre el entorno construido y la práctica de actividad física, pero poca evidencia de si las intervenciones no diseñadas en principio para promoverla, realmente tienen un impacto en ese sentido. Objetivo. Determinar si tales intervenciones en el entorno urbano pudieron cambiar la práctica de actividad física en adultos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de las intervenciones que apuntaban a modificar el entorno construido en zonas urbanas. Resultados. De 5.605 artículos considerados, solo siete cumplieron con nuestros criterios de inclusión y en todos ellos aumentó la actividad física después de la intervención. Conclusiones. Se recomienda que el diseño del estudio, el cronograma de implementación de las intervenciones y las mediciones posteriores sean más específicas, de manera que las medidas obtenidas sean más objetivas. Asimismo, se argumenta la necesidad de hacer más explícitos los mecanismos de cambio relacionados con las intervenciones evaluadas.

Built environment interventions and physical activity levels: A systematic review / Intervenciones en el ambiente construido y niveles de actividad física: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and physical activity is a key preventive strategy to reduce them. There is a relationship between the built environment and the practice of physical activity, but little evidence as to whether those built environment interventions not initially designed for promoting physical activity actually have an impact on promoting the behavior. Objective: To identify whether such built environment interventions were able to change physical activity in adults. Materials and methods: We conducted a systematic review of interventions targeting modifications to the built environment changes in urban areas. Results: Out of 5,605 articles reviewed, only seven met our inclusion criteria. The seven studies found higher levels of physical activity after the interventions. Conclusions: We recommend greater specificity regarding the study design, the timeline of interventions implementation and post-intervention measurements, as well as the use of more objective measures. Finally, we point out the need to make more explicit the mechanisms of change related to the interventions assessed.

Introducción. Las enfermedades no transmisibles son la principal causa de muerte en todo el mundo y la actividad física es una estrategia preventiva clave para reducirlas. Hay una relación entre el entorno construido y la práctica de actividad física, pero poca evidencia de si las intervenciones no diseñadas en principio para promoverla, realmente tienen un impacto en ese sentido. Objetivo. Determinar si tales intervenciones en el entorno urbano pudieron cambiar la práctica de actividad física en adultos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de las intervenciones que apuntaban a modificar el entorno construido en zonas urbanas. Resultados. De 5.605 artículos considerados, solo siete cumplieron con nuestros criterios de inclusión y en todos ellos aumentó la actividad física después de la intervención. Conclusiones. Se recomienda que el diseño del estudio, el cronograma de implementación de las intervenciones y las mediciones posteriores sean más específicas, de manera que las medidas obtenidas sean más objetivas. Asimismo, se argumenta la necesidad de hacer más explícitos los mecanismos de cambio relacionados con las intervenciones evaluadas.

Crystal structure of a hypothetical protein from Giardia lamblia. Corrigendum.

The name of one of the authors in Beard et al. [(2022), Acta Cryst. F78, 59-65] is corrected.

Crystal structure of a hypothetical protein from Giardia lamblia.

Giardiasis is the most prevalent diarrheal disease globally and affects humans and animals. It is a significant problem in developing countries, the number one cause of travelers' diarrhea and affects children and immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV-infected individuals. Giardiasis is treated with antibiotics (tinidazole and metronidazole) that are also used for other infections such as trichomoniasis. The ongoing search for new therapeutics for giardiasis includes characterizing the structure and function of proteins from the causative protozoan Giardia lamblia. These proteins include hypothetical proteins that share 30% sequence identity or less with proteins of known structure. Here, the atomic resolution structure of a 15.6 kDa protein was determined by molecular replacement. The structure has the two-layer αß-sandwich topology observed in the prototypical endoribonucleases L-PSPs (liver perchloric acid-soluble proteins) with conserved allosteric active sites containing small molecules from the crystallization solution. This article is an educational collaboration between Hampton University and the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease.

Crystal structure of a putative short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase from Paraburkholderia xenovorans.

Paraburkholderia xenovorans degrades organic wastes, including polychlorinated biphenyls. The atomic structure of a putative dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) from P. xenovorans (PxSDR) was determined in space group P21 at a resolution of 1.45 Å. PxSDR shares less than 37% sequence identity with any known structure and assembles as a prototypical SDR tetramer. As expected, there is some conformational flexibility and difference in the substrate-binding cavity, which explains the substrate specificity. Uniquely, the cofactor-binding cavity of PxSDR is not well conserved and differs from those of other SDRs. PxSDR has an additional seven amino acids that form an additional unique loop within the cofactor-binding cavity. Further studies are required to determine how these differences affect the enzymatic functions of the SDR.

Asymmetric Blockade and Multiqubit Gates via Dipole-Dipole Interactions.

Because of their strong and tunable interactions, Rydberg atoms can be used to realize fast two-qubit entangling gates. We propose a generalization of a generic two-qubit Rydberg-blockade gate to multiqubit Rydberg-blockade gates that involve both many control qubits and many target qubits simultaneously. This is achieved by using strong microwave fields to dress nearby Rydberg states, leading to asymmetric blockade in which control-target interactions are much stronger than control-control and target-target interactions. The implementation of these multiqubit gates can drastically simplify both quantum algorithms and state preparation. To illustrate this, we show that a 25-atom Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state can be created using only three gates with an error of 5.8%.

Optical Kerr effect field measurements and ad hoc engineering model comparisons.

Optical Kerr effects induced by the propagation of high peak-power laser beams through real atmospheres have been a topic of interest to the nonlinear optics community for several decades. This paper proposes a new analytical model for predicting the filamentation/light channel onset distance in real atmospheres based on modulation instability model considerations. The normalized intensity increases exponentially as the beam propagates through the medium. It is hypothesized that this growth can be modeled as a weighted ratio of the Gaussian beam diameter at range to the lateral coherence radius and can be used to set the power ratio for an absorbing, turbulent, nonlinear media to estimate the beam collapse distance. Comparison of onset distance predictions with those found from computer simulation and deduced from field experiments will be presented. In addition, this model will be used with an analytical approach to quantify the expected radius of light channels resulting from self-focusing both with and without the production of a plasma filament. Finally, this paper will describe a set of 1.5-micron, variable focal length USPL field experiments. Comparisons of theoretical radius calculations to measurements from field experiments will be presented.

Triton, a new species-level database of Cenozoic planktonic foraminiferal occurrences.

Planktonic foraminifera are a major constituent of ocean floor sediments, and thus have one of the most complete fossil records of any organism. Expeditions to sample these sediments have produced large amounts of spatiotemporal occurrence records throughout the Cenozoic, but no single source exists to house these data. We have therefore created a comprehensive dataset that integrates numerous sources for spatiotemporal records of planktonic foraminifera. This new dataset, Triton, contains >500,000 records and is four times larger than the previous largest database, Neptune. To ensure comparability among data sources, we have cleaned all records using a unified set of taxonomic concepts and have converted age data to the GTS 2020 timescale. Where ages were not absolute (e.g. based on biostratigraphic or magnetostratigraphic zones), we have used generalised additive models to produce continuous estimates. This dataset is an excellent resource for macroecological and macroevolutionary studies, particularly for investigating how species responded to past climatic changes.

Quench Dynamics of a Fermi Gas with Strong Nonlocal Interactions.

We induce strong nonlocal interactions in a 2D Fermi gas in an optical lattice using Rydberg dressing. The system is approximately described by a t - V model on a square lattice where the fermions experience isotropic nearest-neighbor interactions and are free to hop only along one direction. We measure the interactions using many-body Ramsey interferometry and study the lifetime of the gas in the presence of tunneling, finding that tunneling does not reduce the lifetime. To probe the interplay of nonlocal interactions with tunneling, we investigate the short-time-relaxation dynamics of charge-density waves in the gas. We find that strong nearest-neighbor interactions slow down the relaxation. Our work opens the door for quantum simulations of systems with strong nonlocal interactions such as extended Fermi-Hubbard models.

Advancing Digital Health Equity: A Policy Paper of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the HIV Medicine Association.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has revolutionized the practice of ambulatory medicine, triggering rapid dissemination of digital healthcare modalities, including synchronous video visits. However, social determinants of health, such as age, race, income, and others, predict readiness for telemedicine and individuals who are not able to connect virtually may become lost to care. This is particularly relevant to the practice of infectious diseases (ID) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) medicine, as we care for high proportions of individuals whose health outcomes are affected by such factors. Furthermore, delivering high-quality clinical care in ID and HIV practice necessitates discussion of sensitive topics, which is challenging over video without proper preparation. We describe the "digital divide," emphasize the relevance to ID and HIV practice, underscore the need to study the issue and develop interventions to mitigate its impact, and provide suggestions for optimizing telemedicine in ID and HIV clinics.