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1.
Meat Sci ; 213: 109503, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38579510

ABSTRACT

This study aims to describe the meat quality of young Holstein (HOL) beef-on-dairy heifers and bulls sired by Angus (ANG, n = 109), Charolais (CHA, n = 101) and Danish Blue (DBL, n = 127), and to investigate the performance of the handheld vision-based Q-FOM™ Beef camera in predicting the intramuscular fat concentration (IMF%) in M. longissimus thoracis from carcasses quartered at the 5th-6th thoracic vertebra. The results showed significant differences between crossbreeds and sexes on carcass characteristics and meat quality. DBL × HOL had the highest EUROP conformation scores, whereas ANG × HOL had darker meat with higher IMF% (3.52%) compared to CHA × HOL (2.99%) and DBL × HOL (2.51%). Bulls had higher EUROP conformation scores than heifers, and heifers had higher IMF% (3.70%) than bulls (2.31%). These findings indicate the potential for producing high-quality meat from beef-on-dairy heifers and ANG bulls. The IMF% prediction model for Q-FOM performed well with R2 = 0.91 and root mean squared error of cross validation, RMSECV = 1.33%. The performance of the prediction model on the beef-on-dairy veal subsample ranging from 0.9 to 7.4% IMF had lower accuracy (R2 = 0.48) and the prediction error (RMSEveal) was 1.00%. When grouping beef-on-dairy veal carcasses into three IMF% classes (2.5% IMF bins), 62.6% of the carcasses were accurately predicted. Furthermore, Q-FOM IMF% predictions and chemically determined IMF% were similar for each combination of sex and crossbreed, revealing a potential of Q-FOM IMF% predictions to be used in breeding, when aiming for higher meat quality.


Subject(s)
Adipose Tissue , Muscle, Skeletal , Red Meat , Thoracic Vertebrae , Animals , Cattle , Male , Red Meat/analysis , Female , Adipose Tissue/chemistry , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry , Photography , Color , Breeding
2.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr ; : 1-19, 2023 May 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37233192

ABSTRACT

As food transits the gastrointestinal tract, food structures are disrupted and nutrients are absorbed across the gut barrier. In the past decade, great efforts have focused on the creation of a consensus gastrointestinal digestion protocol (i.e., INFOGEST method) to mimic digestion in the upper gut. However, to better determine the fate of food components, it is also critical to mimic food absorption in vitro. This is usually performed by treating polarized epithelial cells (i.e., differentiated Caco-2 monolayers) with food digesta. This food digesta contains digestive enzymes and bile salts, and if following the INFOGEST protocol, at concentrations that although physiologically relevant are harmful to cells. The lack of a harmonized protocol on how to prepare the food digesta samples for downstream Caco-2 studies creates challenges in comparing inter laboratory results. This article aims to critically review the current detoxification practices, highlight potential routes and their limitations, and recommend common approaches to ensure food digesta is biocompatible with Caco-2 monolayers. Our ultimate aim is to agree a harmonized consensus protocol or framework for in vitro studies focused on the absorption of food components across the intestinal barrier.

3.
Poult Sci ; 99(4): 1946-1955, 2020 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32241475

ABSTRACT

Providing environmental enrichment for broilers is a potential strategy to increase welfare, activity, and health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment on health and leg bone characteristics of broilers. One control and 8 types of enrichment were included: 2 distances between food and water (7 and 3.5 m), roughage, vertical panels, straw bales, 2 platforms (30 and 5 cm), and a lowered stocking density (34 kg/m2). Birds were kept according to conventional Danish guidelines. The study included 58 pens with approximately 500 birds each. On day 35 of age, 25 birds per pen were killed and included in a postmortem analysis of wooden breast, body condition scores, pathological conditions (femoral head necrosis, arthritis, tenosynovitis, fractures, tibial dyschondroplasia, and twisted tibiotarsus), muscle width of the lower leg, and tibiotarsus properties (bone strength, weight, length, and proximal diameter, middle diameter, and distal diameter). It was predicted that environmental enrichment would have a positive effect on pathology with the exceptions that environmental enrichment that increased activity would pose a risk factor for wooden breast development, and straw bales would be a risk factor for bacterial infections (arthritis, tenosynovitis, and femoral head necrosis). Furthermore, it was hypothesized that enriched groups would have increased muscle width, bone strength, and dimensions of the tibiotarsus. Broilers with 7 m between food and water had a longer distal diameter of the tibiotarsus than those with straw bales (P = 0.04). The birds provided with vertical panels had wider leg muscle than the treatments with roughage (P = 0.045), 3.5 m distance (P = 0.049), and straw bales (P = 0.044). No effects were found for the remaining outcomes. These results suggest that provision of vertical panels and increased distance between resources can result in larger muscle and bone dimension, possibly having a positive effect on leg health. Furthermore, the provision of environmental enrichment does not appear to be a risk factor for wooden breast or bacterial infection.


Subject(s)
Animal Welfare , Bone Development , Chickens/physiology , Housing, Animal , Animals , Bone and Bones/pathology , Bone and Bones/physiology , Chickens/growth & development , Poultry Diseases/etiology , Poultry Diseases/pathology
4.
J Sci Food Agric ; 98(15): 5598-5605, 2018 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29696654

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Casein and whey proteins differ in amino acid composition and absorption rate; however, the absorption rate of casein can be increased to mimic that of whey proteins by exogenous hydrolysis. In view of these compositional differences, we studied the metabolic responses to intake of casein, hydrolyzed casein, and whey proteins in overweight and moderately obese men and women by investigating select urinary and blood plasma metabolites. RESULTS: A total of 21 urinary and 23 plasma metabolites were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The postprandial plasma metabolites revealed a significant diet-time interaction for isoleucine (P = 0.001) and tyrosine (P = 0.001). The level of isoleucine and tyrosine peaked 90 min postprandially with a 1.4-fold difference following intake of whey proteins compared with either casein or hydrolyzed casein. A 1.2-fold higher urinary level of lactate was observed after intake of whey proteins compared with intake of intact casein (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The plasma metabolites revealed different amino acid profiles reflecting the amino acid composition of casein and whey proteins. Furthermore, the results support that casein hydrolysates neither affect the postprandial amino acid absorption rate nor the amino acid level compared with that of intact casein. The urinary lactate increases following whey protein intake might indicate a higher metabolism of glucogenic amino acids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.


Subject(s)
Caseins/chemistry , Obesity/diet therapy , Overweight/diet therapy , Whey Proteins/metabolism , Adult , Caseins/metabolism , Female , Humans , Isoleucine/blood , Isoleucine/urine , Male , Obesity/blood , Obesity/urine , Overweight/blood , Overweight/urine , Plasma/chemistry , Postprandial Period , Tyrosine/blood , Tyrosine/urine , Urine/chemistry , Young Adult
5.
J Proteome Res ; 17(3): 1041-1053, 2018 03 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29359944

ABSTRACT

The present study introduces a novel triple-phase (liquids, solids, and gases) approach, which employed uniformly labeled [U-13C] polydextrose (PDX) for the selective profiling of metabolites generated from dietary fiber fermentation in an in vitro colon simulator using human fecal inocula. Employing 13C NMR spectroscopy, [U-13C] PDX metabolism was observed from colonic digest samples. The major 13C-labeled metabolites generated were acetate, butyrate, propionate, and valerate. In addition to these short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 13C-labeled lactate, formate, succinate, and ethanol were detected in the colon simulator samples. Metabolite formation and PDX substrate degradation were examined comprehensively over time (24 and 48 h). Correlation analysis between 13C NMR spectra and gas production confirmed the anaerobic fermentation of PDX to SCFAs. In addition, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the level of Erysipelotrichaceae was influenced by PDX supplementation and Erysipelotrichaceae level was statistically correlated with SCFA formation. Overall, our study demonstrates a novel approach to link substrate fermentation and microbial function directly in a simulated colonic environment.


Subject(s)
Colon/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism , Feces/microbiology , Glucans/metabolism , Metabolome , Anaerobiosis , Bioreactors , Biotransformation , Carbon Isotopes , Colon/microbiology , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Erysipelothrix/isolation & purification , Erysipelothrix/metabolism , Ethanol/metabolism , Fermentation , Formates/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , Humans , Lactic Acid/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microbial Consortia/physiology , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Succinic Acid/metabolism
6.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 101: 207-213, 2017 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28300587

ABSTRACT

In this work, the inhibitory effects of potato patatin-derived peptides Trp-Gly (WG) and Pro-Arg-Tyr (PRY) on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin activities were investigated using kinetics, intrinsic fluorescence and molecular docking. The results indicated that PRY was a more potent ACE- and renin-inhibitory peptide than WG. Enzyme inhibition kinetics showed that WG and PRY inhibited ACE activity through mixed-type and competitive modes, respectively. The inhibitory mechanism of WG and PRY towards renin was determined to be mixed-type. PRY exhibited stronger affinity towards ACE and renin molecules, when compared to WG as determined by intrinsic fluorescence intensity. Molecular docking data confirmed that the higher inhibitory potency of PRY might be attributed to formation of more hydrogen bonds with the enzyme's active site or non-active sites that distorted the configuration necessary for catalysis.


Subject(s)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/chemistry , Peptide Fragments/pharmacology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Plant Proteins/chemistry , Renin/antagonists & inhibitors , Renin/metabolism , Catalytic Domain , Humans , Kinetics , Molecular Docking Simulation , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/chemistry , Renin/chemistry
7.
J Agric Food Chem ; 65(2): 281-290, 2017 Jan 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28004575

ABSTRACT

The angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPLT4) protein is involved in lipid metabolism and is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase in the bloodstream. We investigated the effect of milk on intestinal ANGPTL4 and the metabolic profile of growing pigs and the effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on ANGPTL4 in ex vivo and in vitro assays. Feeding pigs whole milk increased intestinal ANGPTL4 mRNA and increased fecal excretion of long-chain FFA compared to the control group fed soybean oil (n = 9). Furthermore, FFAs (C4-C8) induced ANGPTL4 gene expression in porcine intestinal tissue mounted in Ussing chambers and ANGPTL4 protein secretion to both the apical and basolateral sides of intestinal Caco-2 cells on permeable membranes. Altogether, these results support an ANGPTL4-induced secretion of fecal FFAs. Urinary levels of FFAs (C4-C12), 3-hydroxyadipic acid, and suberic acid were also increased by milk consumption, indicating higher energy expenditure compared to the control group.


Subject(s)
Angiopoietins/metabolism , Fatty Acids/pharmacokinetics , Feces/chemistry , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Milk , Angiopoietin-Like Protein 4 , Angiopoietins/genetics , Animals , Caco-2 Cells , Diet , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fatty Acids/urine , Female , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Soybean Oil/pharmacology , Sus scrofa
8.
J Dairy Sci ; 100(2): 881-885, 2017 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27988123

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the consequence of genetically contingent amino acid substitutions in bovine ß-casein (CN) genetic variants A1, A2, B, and I on the structure and bioactive potential of peptides following in vitro digestion. The ß-CN variants were digested in vitro using pepsin and pancreatin, and a peptide profile was obtained by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, revealing among others, the ß-casomorphin precursor peptides VYPFPGPIHN and VYPFPGPIPN, derived from variant A1/B and from A2/I, respectively. These 2 peptides were synthesized and assessed for angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory capacity before and after incubation with a monolayer of Caco-2 intestinal cells. The VYPFPGPIHN was a stronger ACE inhibitor than VYPFPGPIPN, with the concentration needed to reach half-maximal inhibition (IC50) of 123 ± 14.2 µM versus 656 ± 7.6 µM. Exposure to a Caco-2 intestinal cell monolayer did not affect ACE inhibition by VYPFPGPIHN, but resulted in an almost 2-fold increase in inhibition by VYPFPGPIPN after incubation. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometric analysis identified the truncated peptide VYPFPGPIP, suggesting hydrolysis by a cell membrane associated peptidase. Thus, genetic variation in bovine ß-CN results in the generation of peptides that differ in bioactivity, and are differently affected by intestinal brush border peptidases.


Subject(s)
Caco-2 Cells , Caseins/chemistry , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Peptides/chemistry , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism
9.
Mol Nutr Food Res ; 61(3)2017 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27734579

ABSTRACT

SCOPE: The scope of the present study was to investigate the effects of red versus white meat intake on the metabolome of rats. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 15 days of ad libitum feeding of one of four experimental diets: (i) lean chicken, (ii) chicken with lard, (iii) lean beef, and (iv) beef with lard. Urine, feces, plasma, and colon tissue samples were analyzed using 1 H NMR-based metabolomics and real-time PCR was performed on colon tissue to examine the expression of specific genes. Urinary excretion of acetate and anserine was higher after chicken intake, while carnosine, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide excretion were higher after beef intake. In colon tissue, higher choline levels and lower lipid levels were found after intake of chicken compared to beef. Expression of the apc gene was higher in response to the lean chicken and beef with lard diets. Correlation analysis revealed that intestinal apc gene expression was correlated with fecal lactate content (R2 = 0.65). CONCLUSION: This study is the first to identify specific differences in the metabolome related to the intake of red and white meat. These differences may reflect perturbations in endogenous metabolism that can be linked to the proposed harmful effects associated with intake of red meat.


Subject(s)
Metabolome , Red Meat , Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/genetics , Animals , Anserine/urine , Carnosine/urine , Cattle , Chickens , Colon/physiology , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Gene Expression Regulation , Male , Methylamines/urine , MutL Protein Homolog 1/genetics , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , beta Catenin/genetics
10.
Food Chem ; 217: 151-154, 2017 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27664620

ABSTRACT

Increased incidences of pectoralis muscle dystrophy are observed in commercial chicken products, but the muscle physiological causes for the condition remain to be identified. In the present study a high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) proton ((1)H) NMR spectroscopic examination of intact pectoralis muscle samples (n=77) were conducted to explore metabolite perturbations associated with the muscle dystrophy condition for the very first time. Both in chicken with an age of 21 and 31days, respectively, pectoralis muscle dystrophy was associated with a significantly lower content of anserine (p=0.034), carnosine (p=0.019) and creatine (p=0.049). These findings must be considered intriguing as they corroborate that characteristic muscle di-peptides composed of ß-alanine and histidine derivatives such as anserine are extremely important in homeostasis of contractile muscles as a results of their role as buffering, anti-oxidative, and anti-glycation capacities.


Subject(s)
Anserine/analysis , Carnosine/analysis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Muscular Dystrophies , Pectoralis Muscles/chemistry , Animals , Chickens/metabolism , Muscular Dystrophies/pathology , Pectoralis Muscles/pathology , Random Allocation
11.
Meat Sci ; 123: 134-142, 2017 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27710773

ABSTRACT

The present research was performed to investigate endogenous release of bioactive peptides in beef during postmortem aging times (1, 10 and 20days). Gradually decreased Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values of longissimus thoracis (LT) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were observed and the degradation of structural proteins and collagen led to release of low-molecular weight (<3kDa) peptides. These peptides exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, ACE- and renin-inhibitory activities. The peptide sequences were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). In silico analysis (PeptideRanker and BIOPEP) of their bioactivity potentials demonstrated peptides with the predicted bioactivity scores (>0.8) as well as collagen peptides with bioactivity scores (0.6-0.8). The present findings provide insights on development of healthy beef through postmortem aging at 4°C.


Subject(s)
Peptides/analysis , Postmortem Changes , Red Meat/analysis , Animals , Cattle , Food Analysis , Food Handling , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry
12.
J Agric Food Chem ; 61(46): 11033-40, 2013 Nov 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24156563

ABSTRACT

Obesity and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles are major features of type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we examined the potential of Sambucus nigra flower (elderflowers) extracts to stimulate glucose uptake (GU) in primary porcine myotubes and reduce fat accumulation (FAc) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bioassay guided chromatographic fractionations of extracts and fractions resulted in the identification of naringenin and 5-O- caffeoylquinic acid exhibiting a significant increase in GU. In addition, phenolic compounds related to those found in elderflowers were also tested, and among these, kaempferol, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid increased GU significantly. FAc was significantly reduced in C. elegans, when treated with elderflower extracts, their fractions and the metabolites naringenin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-5″-acetylglycoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and the related phenolic compounds kaempferol and ferulic acid. The study indicates that elderflower extracts contain bioactive compounds capable of modulating glucose and lipid metabolism, suitable for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.


Subject(s)
Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism , Fats/metabolism , Flowers/chemistry , Glucose/metabolism , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Sambucus nigra/chemistry , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects , Obesity/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Swine
14.
Lipids Health Dis ; 12: 14, 2013 Feb 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23398851

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Phytanic acid (PA) is a chlorophyll metabolite with potentials in regulating glucose metabolism, as it is a natural ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) that is known to regulate hepatic glucose homeostasis. This study aimed to establish primary porcine myotubes as a model for measuring glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, and to examine the impact of physiological amounts of PA on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis either alone or in combination with insulin. METHODS: Porcine satellite cells were cultured into differentiated myotubes and tritiated 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) was used to measure glucose uptake, in relation to PA and 2-DOG exposure times and also in relation to PA and insulin concentrations. The MIXED procedure model of SAS was used for statistical analysis of data. RESULTS: PA increased glucose uptake by approximately 35%, and the presence of insulin further increased the uptake, but this further increase in uptake was non- additive and less pronounced at high insulin concentrations. There was no effect of PA alone on glycogen synthesis, while the insulin stimulation of glycogen was increased by 20% in the presence of PA. PA neither stimulated glucose uptake nor glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant myotubes generated by excess glucose exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Primary porcine myotubes were established as a model of skeletal muscles for measuring glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, and we showed that PA can play a role in stimulating glucose uptake at no or inadequate insulin concentrations.


Subject(s)
Deoxyglucose/metabolism , Insulin/pharmacology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects , Phytanic Acid/pharmacology , Animals , Biological Transport , Cell Differentiation , Cell Survival/drug effects , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Female , Glycogen/biosynthesis , Insulin/metabolism , Models, Biological , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Phytanic Acid/metabolism , Primary Cell Culture , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology , Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism , Swine , Tritium
15.
J Biophotonics ; 6(5): 446-56, 2013 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22907744

ABSTRACT

In the present study we investigated the ability of high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy in combination with multivariate data analysis to reveal if any combinatory effects of fatty acids in mixture are present in liver HepG2 cell cultures after three days of exposure. For this investigation we used an experimental mixture design containing three different octadecenoic acids (oleic acid: C18:1 cis- 9, elaidic acid: C18:1 trans- 9 and vaccenic acid: C18:1 trans- 11) of a total concentration of 100 µM. The results obtained revealed both additive and non-additive effects of individual fatty acids when combined in mixtures. Furthermore, we demonstrate by use of scanning electron microscopy that cells are preserved as intact structures ensuring that FTIR measurements are obtained on whole cell keeping cell compounds in their natural surroundings during measurements.


Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/pharmacology , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Synergism , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Multivariate Analysis
16.
J Agric Food Chem ; 61(1): 225-30, 2013 Jan 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23210769

ABSTRACT

Phytanic acid (PA) is a bioactive compound found in milk that is derived from the phytol chain of chlorophyll, and the content of PA in milk fat depends on the availability of phytol from feed. In this study, the content of PA diastereomers was analyzed in milk sampled from five organic herds twice during the grazing season (May and September). The total content of PA was higher in September compared to May, but was not affected by breed (Danish Holstein or Danish Jersey). Total PA could not be directly related to intake of green feed items. The distribution between diastereomers was closely related to the amount of grazed clovers, where a higher intake resulted in a higher share of the RRR isomer.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Feeding Behavior , Food, Organic/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Phytanic Acid/analysis , Animals , Cattle , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Phytanic Acid/chemistry , Stereoisomerism
17.
Exp Physiol ; 97(7): 833-48, 2012 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22337866

ABSTRACT

Acute physical activity elicits changes in gene expression in skeletal muscles to promote metabolic changes and to repair exercise-induced muscle injuries. In the present time-course study, pigs were submitted to an acute bout of treadmill running until near exhaustion to determine the impact of unaccustomed exercise on global transcriptional profiles in porcine skeletal muscles. Using a combined microarray and candidate gene approach, we identified a suite of genes that are differentially expressed in muscles during postexercise recovery. Several members of the heat shock protein family and proteins associated with proteolytic events, such as the muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1, were significantly upregulated, suggesting that protein breakdown, prevention of protein aggregation and stabilization of unfolded proteins are important processes for restoration of cellular homeostasis. We also detected an upregulation of genes that are associated with muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, including MUSTN1, ASB5 and CSRP3, possibly reflecting activation, differentiation and fusion of satellite cells to facilitate repair of muscle damage. In addition, exercise increased expression of the orphan nuclear hormone receptor NR4A3, which regulates metabolic functions associated with lipid, carbohydrate and energy homeostasis. Finally, we observed an unanticipated induction of the long non-coding RNA transcript NEAT1, which has been implicated in RNA processing and nuclear retention of adenosine-to-inosine edited mRNAs in the ribonucleoprotein bodies called paraspeckles. These findings expand the complexity of pathways affected by acute contractile activity of skeletal muscle, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular processes that occur in muscle tissue in the recovery phase.


Subject(s)
Gene Expression Profiling , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Running/physiology , Animals , Cell Differentiation , Cell Proliferation , Female , Microarray Analysis , Sus scrofa , Up-Regulation
18.
Analyst ; 136(8): 1649-58, 2011 Apr 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21347493

ABSTRACT

We investigated the applicability of FTIR-spectroscopy as a high throughput screening method for detection of biochemical changes in intact liver cells in bulk upon fatty acid exposure. HepG2 cells adapted to serum free (HepG2-SF) growth were exposed to four different fatty acids, three octadecenoic acids, differing in cis/trans-configuration or double bond position (oleic acid, elaidic acid and vaccenic acid) as well as palmitic acid in three days. High throughput FTIR spectroscopic measurements on dried films of intact cells showed spectra with high signal-to-noise ratio and great reproducibility. When applying principal component analysis (PCA) a clear discrimination between fatty acid exposures was observed. Higher levels of triacylglycerides were accumulated in cells exposed to elaidic acid than when exposed to the other fatty acids; the least accumulation appeared to be in cells exposed to palmitic acid. An increased absorption at ~966 cm(-1) corresponding to trans-double bond was detected upon elaidic acid exposure but not upon vaccenic acid exposure. Instead, upon vaccenic acid exposure two new absorption bands were observed at 981 and 946 cm(-1) due to the presence of double bond conjugation. Raman spectroscopy on single cells, with and without treatment by vaccenic acid, confirmed the presence of conjugation. By fatty acid composition analysis, the conjugation was further specified to be conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. Thus, instead of being preserved as a monounsaturated fatty acid, vaccenic acid was converted into CLA in HepG2 cells. The results demonstrate the applicability of high-throughput FTIR spectroscopy as an explorative method in in vitro systems from which biologically relevant hypotheses can be generated and further investigated.


Subject(s)
Fatty Acids/chemistry , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods , Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods , Discriminant Analysis , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Isomerism , Linoleic Acids, Conjugated/chemistry , Oleic Acids/chemistry , Principal Component Analysis
19.
Hum Exp Toxicol ; 29(12): 1032-3, 2010 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21115566

ABSTRACT

The lead article ''Resveratrol commonly displays hormesis: occurrence and biomedical significance'' underlines the hormetic response of resveratrol in many disease models. This commentary suggests that the greatest potential advantage of the positive effects of resveratrol for the broad population would be as prevention of disease development through oral administration in its original food matrix, although it still remains important to investigate the extent of resveratrol administration giving maximum beneficial effect for biomedical purposes. In relation to resveratrol ''supplementation'' through its natural environment further investigation of the impact of co-occurring bioactive compounds and matrix effects on hormetic responses of resveratrol is necessary for revealing mechanisms behind e.g. the ''French paradox''.


Subject(s)
Biomedical Research , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Stilbenes/administration & dosage , Animals , Biomedical Research/methods , Biomedical Research/standards , Humans , Resveratrol , Stilbenes/adverse effects , Stilbenes/pharmacology
20.
J Agric Food Chem ; 58(10): 6376-86, 2010 May 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20429597

ABSTRACT

NMR-based metabonomics was applied to elucidate the time-dependent stress responses in mouse myotubes after heat exposure of either 42 or 45 degrees C for 1 h. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the gradual time-dependent changes in metabolites contributing to the clustering and separation of the control samples from the different time points after heat stress primarily are in the metabolites glucose, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, creatine, glutamine, and acetate. In addition, PC scores revealed a maximum change in metabolite composition 4 h after the stress exposure; thereafter, samples returned toward control samples, however, without reaching the control samples even 10 h after stress. The results also indicate that the myotubes efficiently regulate the pH level by release of lactate to the culture medium at a heat stress level of 42 degrees C, which is a temperature level reached in muscles of pigs during exposure to slaughter stress.


Subject(s)
Hot Temperature , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Metabolomics , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism , Amino Acids/analysis , Animals , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Glucose/analysis , HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lactic Acid/analysis , Mice , Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Swine , Time Factors
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