Institutionalizing Community-engaged Translational Science in an Academic Institution: A Community Stakeholder-Driven Process.

BACKGROUND: Although studies have described the power imbalance in academic-community partnerships, little has been published describing how community-based participatory research-informed practitioners can change academic institutions to promote more effective community-engaged research. OBJECTIVES: This paper describes a university-funded community-based participatory project in which academic researchers and their community partners worked together to articulate, develop and advocate for institutionalizing best practices for equitable partnerships throughout the university. METHODS: Findings derive from a collaborative ethnographic process evaluation. RESULTS: The study describes the integral steps proposed to promote equitable community-university research collaboration, the process by which these principles and best practice recommendations were developed, and the institutional change outcomes of this process. CONCLUSIONS: When universities make even small investments toward promoting and nurturing community-engaged research, the quality of the science can be enhanced to advance health equity and community-university relationships can improve, particularly if based on trust, mutual respect, and openness to accomplish a shared vision.

Clinical Impact and Accuracy of Shave Biopsy for Initial Diagnosis of Cutaneous Melanoma.

INTRODUCTION: Effective treatment of malignant melanomas is dependent upon accurate histopathological staging of preoperative biopsy specimens. While narrow excision is the gold standard for melanoma diagnosis, superficial shave biopsies have become the preferred method by dermatologists but may transect the lesion and result in inaccurate Breslow thickness assessment. This is a retrospective cohort study evaluating an initial method of biopsy for diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma and indication for reoperation based on inaccurate initial T-staging. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients referred to the Medical College of Wisconsin, a tertiary cancer center, with a diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma. Adult patients seen between 2015 and 2018 were included. Fisher's exact test was used to assess the association between method of initial biopsy and need for unplanned reoperation. RESULTS: Three hundred twenty three patients with cutaneous melanoma from the head and neck (H&N, n = 101, 31%), trunk (n = 90, 15%), upper extremity (n = 84, 26%), and lower extremity (n = 48, 28%) were analyzed. Median Breslow thickness was 0.54 mm (interquartile range = 0.65). Shave biopsy was the method of initial biopsy in 244 (76%), excision in 23 (7%), and punch biopsy in 56 (17%). Thirty nine (33%) shave biopsies had a positive deep margin, as did seven (23%) punch biopsies and 0 excisional biopsies. Residual melanoma at definitive excision was found in 131 (42.5%) of all surgical specimens: 95 (40.6%) shave biopsy patients, 32 (60.4%) punch biopsy patients, and four (19.0%) excision biopsy patients. Recommendations for excision margin or sentinel lymph node biopsy changed in 15 (6%) shave biopsy patients and five (9%) punch biopsy patients. CONCLUSIONS: Shave biopsy is the most frequent method of diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma in the modern era. While shave and punch biopsies may underestimate true T-stage, there was no difference in need for reoperation due to T-upstaging based on initial biopsy type, supporting current diagnostic practices. Partial biopsies can thus be used to guide appropriate treatment and definitive wide local excision when adjusting for understaging.

Cutaneous Herpetiform Ulcerations as the Presenting Sign of an Acute Aortic Occlusion.

This case report describes a woman in her 40s with a 2-week history of abrupt painful ulcerations of the perineum.

Persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treated with skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction / SAOS pédiatrique persistant traité par distraction transpalatine à ancrage squelettique

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of nasomaxillary expansion using skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction (TPD) in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive children were treated by TPD. Twenty-five children, aged 10-16 years completed pre- and post-operative clinical evaluations, questionnaires (OSA-18), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and polysomnography (PSG). The pre- and post-operative CBCT data were used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional shape of the upper airway. Two measures of airflow function (pressure and velocity) were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at four different airway segments (nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal). Results: Twenty-three patients (92%) experienced improvement based on PSG. The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) improved from 6.72 ± 4.34 to 3.59 ± 5.11 (p<0.001) events per hour. Clinical symptoms based on OSA-18 scores were improved in all patients. Twenty-five patients (100%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal sidewall widening was 2.59 ± 1,54 mm at canine, 2.91 ± 1,23 mm at first molar and 2.30 ± 1,29 mm at PNS. The ratio of dental expansion to nasal expansion was 1.12:1 (2.90mm:2.59mm) at canine and 1.37:1 (3.98mm:2.91mm) at first molar. The nasal airflow pressure reduced by 76% (-275.73 to -67.28 Pa) and the nasal airflow velocity reduced by over 50% (18.60 to 8.56 m/s). Conclusions: Nasomaxillary expansion by skeletally anchored TPD improves OSA in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by RPE. A nearly parallel anterior-posterior opening of the mid-palatal suture achieves enlargement of the entire nasal passage with improvement of the airflow characteristics in the nasal and pharyngeal airway. The improved airflow characteristic is significantly correlated with the improved polysomnographic findings, thus demonstrating that nasomaxillary expansion in previously expanded patients is a viable treatment option.

Introduction: L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer l'impact de l'expansion nasomaxillaire à l'aide d'une distraction transpalatine (DTP) à ancrage squelettique chez des enfants sans insuffisance maxillaire transversale et qui ont été précédemment traités par expansion palatine rapide (EPR). Matériels et méthodes: Vingt-neuf enfants enrôlés consécutivement ont été traités par DTP. Vingt-cinq enfants, âgés de 10 à 16 ans, ont été soumis à des évaluations cliniques pré- et postopératoires, des questionnaires (OSA-18), une tomographie à faisceau conique (CBCT) et une polysomnographie (PSG). Les données CBCT pré- et postopératoires ont été utilisées pour reconstruire la forme tridimensionnelle des voies aériennes supérieures. Deux mesures des caractéristiques d'écoulement de l'air (pression et vitesse) ont été simulées en utilisant la dynamique des fluides computationnelle (DFC) dans quatre segments différents des voies aériennes (nasal, nasopharyngé, oropharyngé et hypopharyngé). Résultats: Vingt-trois patients (92 %) ont bénéficié d'une rapide amélioration objectivée par la PSG. L'indice d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH) est passé de 6,72 ± 4,34 à 3,59 ± 5,11 (p<0,001) événements par heure. Les symptômes cliniques évalués avec les scores du questionnaire OSA-18 se sont améliorés chez tous les patients. Pour les vingt-cinq patients (100 %), l'expansion a été réussie, selon le critère d'une séparation de la suture médiopalatine d'au moins 1 mm, de l'épine nasale antérieure (ENA) jusqu'à l'épine nasale postérieure (ENP). L'élargissement de la distance entre les parois nasales latérales était de 2,59 ± 1,54 mm au niveau de la canine, de 2,91 ± 1,23 mm au niveau de la première molaire et de 2,30 ± 1,29 mm à l'épine nasale postérieure. Le rapport entre l'expansion dentaire et l'expansion nasale était de 1,12:1 (2,90 mm:2,59 mm) au niveau de la canine et de 1,37:1 (3,98 mm:2,91 mm) au niveau de la première molaire. La pression du flux d'air nasal a diminué de 76 % (-275,73 à -67,28 Pa) et la vitesse du flux d'air nasal a diminué de plus de 50 % (18,60 à 8,56 m/s). Conclusions: L'expansion nasomaxillaire à l'aide d'une distraction transpalatine à ancrage squelettique améliore le SAOS chez les enfants sans déficit maxillaire transverse et qui ont été auparavant traités par EPR. Une ouverture antéro-postérieure et presque parallèle de la suture médiopalatine permet d'élargir l'ensemble du passage nasal et d'améliorer les caractéristiques du flux d'air dans les voies aériennes nasales et pharyngées. L'amélioration des caractéristiques de l'écoulement d'air est significativement corrélée à l'amélioration des résultats polysomnographiques, démontrant ainsi que l'expansion nasomaxillaire chez des patients précédemment traités par EPR est une option thérapeutique viable.

Identification and quantification of bioactive compounds suppressing SARS-CoV-2 signals in wastewater-based epidemiology surveillance.

Recent SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) surveillance have documented a positive correlation between the number of COVID-19 patients in a sewershed and the level of viral genetic material in the wastewater. Efforts have been made to use the wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load to predict the infected population within each sewershed using a multivariable regression approach. However, reported clear and sustained variability in SARS-CoV-2 viral load among treatment facilities receiving industrial wastewater have made clinical prediction challenging. Several classes of molecules released by regional industries and manufacturing facilities, particularly the food processing industry, can significantly suppress the SARS-CoV-2 signals in wastewater by breaking down the lipid-bilayer of the membranes. Therefore, a systematic ranking process in conjugation with metabolomic analysis was developed to identify the wastewater treatment facilities exhibiting SARS-CoV-2 suppression and identify and quantify the chemicals suppressing the SARS-COV-2 signals. By ranking the viral load per diagnosed case among the sewersheds, we successfully identified the wastewater treatment facilities in Missouri, USA that exhibit SARS-CoV-2 suppression (significantly lower than 5 × 1011 gene copies/reported case) and determined their suppression rates. Through both untargeted global chemical profiling and targeted analysis of wastewater samples, 40 compounds were identified as candidates of SARS-CoV-2 signal suppressors. Among these compounds, 14 had higher concentrations in wastewater treatment facilities that exhibited SARS-CoV-2 signal suppression compared to the unsuppressed control facilities. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that 4-nonylphenol, palmitelaidic acid, sodium oleate, and polyethylene glycol dioleate are positively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 signal suppression rates. Suppression activities were further confirmed by incubation studies, and the suppression kinetics for each bioactive compound were determined. According to the results of these experiments, bioactive molecules in wastewater can significantly reduce the stability of SARS-CoV-2 genetic marker signals. Based on the concentrations of these chemical suppressors, a correction factor could be developed to achieve more reliable and unbiased surveillance results for wastewater treatment facilities that receive wastewater from similar industries.

Persistent pediatric obstructive sleep apnea treated with skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of nasomaxillary expansion using skeletally anchored transpalatal distraction (TPD) in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by rapid palatal expansion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine consecutive children were treated by TPD. Twenty-five children, aged 10-16 years completed pre- and post-operative clinical evaluations, questionnaires (OSA-18), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and polysomnography (PSG). The pre- and post-operative CBCT data were used to reconstruct the 3-dimensional shape of the upper airway. Two measures of airflow function (pressure and velocity) were simulated by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) at four different airway segments (nasal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal). Results: Twenty-three patients (92%) experienced improvement based on PSG. The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) improved from 6.72±4.34 to 3.59±5.11 (p<0.001) events per hour. Clinical symptoms based on OSA-18 scores were improved in all patients. Twenty-five patients (100%) had successful expansion defined as separation of the midpalatal suture at least 1 mm from anterior nasal spine (ANS) to posterior nasal spine (PNS). The nasal sidewall widening was 2.59±1.54 mm at canine, 2.91±1.23 mm at first molar and 2.30±1.29 mm at PNS. The ratio of dental expansion to nasal expansion was 1.12:1 (2.90 mm:2.59 mm) at canine and 1.37:1 (3.98 mm:2.91 mm) at first molar. The nasal airflow pressure reduced by 76% (-275.73 to -67.28 Pa) and the nasal airflow velocity reduced by over 50% (18.60 to 8.56 m/s). Conclusions: Nasomaxillary expansion by skeletally anchored TPD improves OSA in children without transverse maxillary deficiency that were previously treated by RPE. A nearly parallel anterior-posterior opening of the mid-palatal suture achieves enlargement of the entire nasal passage with improvement of the airflow characteristics in the nasal and pharyngeal airway. The improved airflow characteristic is significantly correlated with the improved polysomnographic findings, thus demonstrating that nasomaxillary expansion in previously expanded patients is a viable treatment option.

Attitudes Toward Discussing Approved and Investigational Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis in Prenatal Genetic Counseling Practice.

This project aimed to explore the attitudes of prenatal genetic counselors toward discussion of novel approved and experimental CF treatments in the prenatal setting, and to assess how knowledge of genotype-specific, targeted treatments may influence their current practices. Targeted treatments have the potential to impact the health-related quality of life of individuals affected with CF and therefore, knowledge of the availability of such treatments may influence the decision-making process of parents who receive a fetal diagnosis of CF. Using the 2012 FDA approval and introduction of ivacaftor into CF clinical practice as a case study, a survey was designed to explore the opinions and practices of prenatal genetic counselors with regard to counseling for a prenatal diagnosis of CF, and how those practices might be impacted by the availability of a new genotype-specific treatment. Approximately 800 genetic counselors were sent questionnaires in January of 2013. Respondents were provided information about this treatment and were asked to rate its perceived benefits, along with the likelihood that they would discuss potential benefits and limitations with parents receiving a prenatal diagnosis of CF. One-hundred sixty-nine prenatal genetic counselors (21.1 %) responded to the survey. Results indicated that 80 % of respondents 'never heard of the drug', or they were 'not exactly sure' what it was. After reading the materials provided, counselors felt the new treatment would have 'some' or a 'significant' impact on an affected individual's life. Their opinions varied on what information about this treatment they would choose to discuss with their patients; even if the treatment is currently FDA approved and clinically available for affected individuals with the genotype of the fetus. However, they would 'definitely' refer these patients to a specialist to discuss targeted treatments further. Most prenatal genetic counselors indicated there are certain scenarios in the prenatal setting which warrant a discussion of targeted treatments for CF, at least on some level. Counselor's views on sharing information about new treatment options are shaped by their familiarity with the treatment and their perception of its benefits and limitations, their comfort discussing these subjects, and their interpretation of the genetic counselor's role. Most genetic counselors had never heard of ivacaftor or Kalydeco™ prior to taking the survey. Therefore, counselors need to be better educated about the availability of CFTR mutation-based treatments before they will be able to incorporate discussion of new treatment options into their counseling.

Evaluation of Small Adrenal Incidental Nodules: Is Imaging Follow-Up Necessary?

INTRODUCTION: Low incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma in the general adult population has prompted a reevaluation of current protocol for the assessment of adrenal incidentalomas. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether follow-up imaging for small (≤ 4 cm) incidental adrenal nodules is necessary for patients without known cancer. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients found to have an incidental adrenal nodule on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan during a 27-month period. The electronic medical record was reviewed to determine clinical outcomes in all patients with a minimum of 3 years of follow-up (mean follow-up = 6.7 years). Patients with a known primary cancer were excluded from the analysis unless they had a prior CT scan that documented an incidental adrenal nodule. Unenhanced CT attenuation was measured for all nodules, if available. RESULTS: A total of 392 patients with an incidental adrenal nodule had a mean (standard deviation [SD]) clinical follow-up of 6.7 (2.7) years. There were 200 men and 192 women with a mean (SD) age of 66.0 (13.2) years. None of these patients developed primary adrenocortical carcinoma during the follow-up period.Two hundred forty of these patients also had a minimum 3 years of imaging follow-up (mean [SD], 6.4 [2.4] years; range, 3.1-13.6 years). There were 173 left-sided and 91 right-sided nodules on index CT scan. There was no significant difference in the mean (SD) rate of growth between left- and right-sided nodules (0.1 [0.8] mm/year vs 0.1 [0.8] mm/year, p = 0.58). Mean unenhanced CT attenuation of adrenal nodules did not affect the likelihood of adrenal malignancy during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Patients with small incidental adrenal nodules do not require additional imaging to exclude the possibility of adrenocortical carcinoma.