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Influenza Other Respir Viruses ; 14(3): 257-265, 2020 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32032469

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Live poultry retail stalls (LPRSs) are believed to be the source of human infection with avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little is known about epidemiology of these viruses in LPRSs of Pakistan. OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to estimate the virological and serological prevalence of AIVs in humans and poultry and associated risk factors among seropositive butchers. METHODS: A field survey of LPRSs of Chakwal District was conducted between December 2015 and March 2016. In total, 322 samples (sera = 161 and throat swab = 161) from butchers and 130 pooled oropharyngeal swabs and 100 sera from birds were collected. Baseline sera (n = 100) from general population were also tested. Data were collected by structured questionnaires. Sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test further confirmed by micro-neutralization test (MN). Swabs were processed by real-time RT-PCR. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors. RESULTS: In butchers, 15.5% sera were positive for antibodies against H9 virus using a cutoff of ≥40 in HI titer; 6% sera from general population were positive for H9. Seroprevalence in poultry was 89%, and only 2.30% swabs were positive for H9. Presence of another LPRS nearby and the number of cages in the stall were risk factors (OR > 1) for H9 seroprevalence in butchers. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence of co-circulation of H9 virus in poultry and exposure of butchers in the LPRSs, which poses a continued threat to public health. We suggest regular surveillance of AIVs in occupationally exposed butchers and birds in LPRSs.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/blood , Influenza A virus/immunology , Influenza in Birds/blood , Influenza, Human/blood , Poultry Diseases/blood , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Chickens , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Infant , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Influenza A virus/isolation & purification , Influenza in Birds/economics , Influenza in Birds/epidemiology , Influenza in Birds/virology , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Pakistan/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/economics , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/virology , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Young Adult
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