ABSTRACT
AIM: This study translated HIV-Adherence Self-efficacy scale (HIV-ASES) and evaluated its psychometric properties in Pakistani HIV/AIDS patients. BACKGROUND: High level of adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is required in management of HIV/AIDS; and it is significantly associated with self-efficacy for adherence to treatment. Understanding and enhancing adherence self-efficacy is a huge challenge for care management staff including nurses, counselors and doctors due to paucity of research and availability of valid and reliable instruments in Urdu language to assess HIV treatment adherence self-efficacy. METHODS: Brislin's translation method was used to translate HIV-ASES in Urdu. A cross-sectional survey consisting of a demographic questionnaire and Urdu HIV-ASES was administered on 300 HIV/AIDS patients seeking treatment in a government hospital. SPSS-20 and Mplus 8.1 were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Semantic, content, conceptual and technical equivalence between source and target versions were established. The final Confirmatory Factor Analysis model had 0.95 CFI and 0.06 RMSEA (CI = 0.04-0.08). Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 for full scale, 0.81 for integration, and 0.88 for perseverance subscales. CONCLUSION: Urdu HIV-ASES is a valid and a reliable instrument for assessing HIV treatment adherence self-efficacy for further research, intervention and management of HIV/AIDS.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , HIV Infections , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Humans , Pakistan , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Self Efficacy , Surveys and Questionnaires , Treatment Adherence and ComplianceABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between dysfunctional schema modes and post-traumatic stress disorder among trauma survivors. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from March to August 2019, and comprised patients of traumatic brain injury and orthopaedic trauma. Data was collected using Schema Mode Inventory and the Clinician Administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale version 5. Data was analysed using SPSS 23. RESULTS: Of the 281 patients, 203(72.2%) were males, 78(27.8%) were females, and 157 (55.9%) were aged 18-40 years. Besides, 137(48.8%) had orthopaedic trauma, 96(34.2%) traumatic brain injuries, and 48(17%) had multiple injuries. Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and dysfunctional schema modes were higher in patients with moderate injuries with a mean of 42.14±7.36. Intentionally injured patients 42.70±6.92 and female trauma survivors 42.05±8.26 had more symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Maladaptive schema mode could lead to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among trauma survivors with history of orthopaedic injury, traumatic brain injury and multiple injuries.
