ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Smoking is a well-known risk factor for various health problems, including oral cancer. P16 and P53 proteins are involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, and their expression levels can provide insights into cellular health. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the cellular changes and immunohistochemistry expression of p53 and p16 in the oral mucosa among Saudi smokers. METHOD: In a cross-sectional study obtained by scraping the buccal mucosa, 1000 samples were collected from 2022 to 2023. All of the study's participants were Saudi citizens of both genders. Seven hundred cigarette smokers and 300 nonsmokers made up the controls, using two sampling techniques: initially purposive and then snowball sampling. The materials were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for P16 and P53 protein overexpression. The samples were scored based on the percentage of positively stained cells and staining intensity. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and categorical variables were identified as frequencies and percentages using the chi-squared test; a value of (P<0.05) was considered significant. RESULT: Cigarette smokers demonstrate significantly higher rates of cytological inflammation, reverse cytological infection, atypia, and binucleated/multinucleated cells compared to nonsmokers, with an overall abnormal result rate of 46% versus 18.7%, respectively (P=0.024). The study found higher P53 and P16 expression among smokers (7.14% and 2.14%, respectively) compared to nonsmokers (0.1% and 0.33%) (P=0.038). No significant differences were observed in P53/P16 expression across age groups (P=0.72) or between male and female participants (P=0.25). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the detrimental effects of smoking on cellular health and reinforce the importance of smoking cessation in reducing the risk of developing cytological abnormalities and associated diseases. These results highlight the association of smoking with increased biomarker expression, emphasizing its relevance in understanding oral health risks.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate intestinal motility changes due to uremia, and the effect of pretreatment with erythropoietin. METHODS: This randomized control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt from September 2010 to July 2011. Forty adult female Wistar albino rats were allocated into 3 groups: control group, gentamicin-treated group, receiving intraperitoneal gentamicin sulphate (100 mg/kg for 5 days), and erythropoietin-gentamicin-treated group, receiving subcutaneous erythropoietin (1000 IU/kg for 3 days) prior to gentamicin injection. Isolated segments of duodenum and descending colon was subjected to in vitro motility study. Plasma creatinine and urea were assayed. RESULTS: Induction of acute renal failure by gentamicin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in frequency of contraction of the duodenum and descending colon, an increase in the average duration of contraction of the duodenum, and a significant decrease in the average force of contraction in the descending colon. Moreover, the average force of contraction in response to acetylcholine was significantly decreased in the duodenum. The erythropoietin-gentamicin-treated group revealed a significant decrease in plasma creatinine and urea, and a significant increase in the duodenal average force of contraction and motility index, and colonic frequency. The duodenal absolute and average forces of contraction after acetylcholine increased significantly. CONCLUSION: Acute uremia impairs small and large intestinal motility, probably due to uremic toxins and autonomic dysfunction. Erythropoietin pretreatment protected against intestinal dysmotility through the improvement of renal function and its neurotropic action.
