La patología pulmonar asociada a las enfermedades del tejido conectivo / Lung disease associated with connective tissue disease

Las enfermedades del tejido conectivo se asocian con frecuencia a un amplio número de patologías como las enfermedades intersticiales y de la vía aérea, las lesiones pleurales y la patología vascular, que presentan una alta morbilidad y mortalidad en estos pacientes. La tomografía computarizada de alta resolución tiene una alta sensibilidad en la detección de la enfermedad parenquimatosa y de la vía aérea, lo que permite diagnosticar la fibrosis establecida, o bien lesiones potencialmente reversibles, y facilita la correcta indicación del tratamiento en estos pacientes. En este artículo se hace una especial incidencia en las neumonías intersticiales asociadas a las enfermedades del tejido conectivo y en sus características diferenciales con respecto a las formas idiopáticas. También, se revisan las manifestaciones pulmonares más frecuentes en cada conectivopatía, con la intención de proporcionar al radiólogo un enfoque práctico en el diagnóstico y manejo de estas afecciones en la clínica diaria (AU)

Connective tissue diseases are often associated with lung diseases that lead to high morbidity and mortality, including interstitial disease, airway disease, pleural lesions, and vascular disease. High resolution CT has high sensitivity for detecting parenchymal disease and potentially reversible lesions, helping to guide treatment. This article emphasizes interstitial pneumonia in association with connective tissue disease and the characteristics that differentiate this entity from idiopathic types. Likewise, we review the most common pulmonary manifestations of each connective tissue disease with the aim of providing the radiologist with a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of these diseases in daily clinical practice (AU)

[Lung disease associated with connective tissue disease]. / La patología pulmonar asociada a las enfermedades del tejido conectivo.

Connective tissue diseases are often associated with lung diseases that lead to high morbidity and mortality, including interstitial disease, airway disease, pleural lesions, and vascular disease. High resolution CT has high sensitivity for detecting parenchymal disease and potentially reversible lesions, helping to guide treatment. This article emphasizes interstitial pneumonia in association with connective tissue disease and the characteristics that differentiate this entity from idiopathic types. Likewise, we review the most common pulmonary manifestations of each connective tissue disease with the aim of providing the radiologist with a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of these diseases in daily clinical practice.

[Transient ischemic attack as the presenting symptom of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]. / Accidente isquémico transitorio como forma de presentación de una fístula arteriovenosa pulmonar.

INTRODUCTION: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) occur as the clinical manifestation of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in up to 20% of cases. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 41-year-old female with an episode of TIA lasting half an hour, with right-side hemiparesis caused by a paradoxical embolisation due to the presence of a single pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF). Complementary analytical and imaging tests (CAT scan of the head without contrast, brain RMI and intra and extracranial MR-angiography) were normal. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed the presence of a patent foramen ovale which obstructed the passage of hemoce, although it was observed in the left auricle after presumably arriving through the pulmonary arteries. Since a pulmonary vascular malformation was suspected, a computerised tomographic angiography scan of the thorax was performed and this confirmed the presence of a single PAVF in the right lung. A pulmonary arteriography was then carried out to confirm the presence of the malformation, which was later embolised. Two months later, the patient was asymptomatic and the fistula did not appear in the computerised tomographic angiography scan of the thorax. CONCLUSIONS: PAVFs can give rise to neurological conditions due to paradoxical embolisms that can produce abscesses and infarcts and/or concomitant lesions in the central nervous system. This is a certain indication of treatment of the malformation and the preferred technique is endovascular embolisation with coils, while surgery is reserved for cases in which endovascular treatment is not possible.

Accidente isquémico transitorio como forma de presentación de una fístula arteriovenosa pulmonar / Transient ischemic attack as the presenting symptom of a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula

Introducción. Los accidentes isquémicos transitorios (AIT) como manifestación clínica de una malformación arteriovenosa pulmonar aparecen hasta en un 20% de los casos. Caso clínico. Se trata de una mujer de 41 años con un episodio de AIT de media hora de duración con hemiparesia derecha, debido a una embolización paradójica por la presencia de una fístula arteriovenosa pulmonar (FAVP) única. Las pruebas complementarias analíticas y de imagen (TC craneal sin contraste, RM cerebral y angiorresonancia intracraneal y extracraneal) fueron normales. El estudio con ecocardiograma transesofágico mostraba la presencia de un foramen oval sellado por el que no pasaba el hemocé, aunque sí se observaba en la aurícula izquierda, a la que llegaba, presumiblemente, a través de las arterias pulmonares. Ante la sospecha de una malformación vascular pulmonar se realizó una angiotomografía computarizada (ATC) de tórax, que confirmó la presencia de una FAVP única en el pulmón derecho. Posteriormente se le practicó una arteriografía pulmonar, que confirmó la presencia de la malformación, y se embolizó posteriormente. Dos meses después la paciente estaba asintomática y la ATC de tórax no mostraba la fístula. Conclusiones. Las FAVP son una causa de clínica neurológica debido a embolismos paradójicos, que pueden producir abscesos e infartos y/o lesiones concomitantes en el sistema nervioso central, lo cual es una indicación absoluta de tratamiento de la malformación. Para ello, la técnica de elección es la embolización endovascular con espirales. La cirugía se reserva para cuando el tratamiento endovascular no sea posible

Introduction. Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) occur as the clinical manifestation of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation in up to 20% of cases. Case report. We report the case of a 41-year-old female with an episode of TIA lasting half an hour, with right-side hemiparesis caused by a paradoxical embolisation due to the presence of a single pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF). Complementary analytical and imaging tests (CAT scan of the head without contrast, brain RMI and intra and extracranial MR-angiography) were normal. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed the presence of a patent foramen ovale which obstructed the passage of hemoce, although it was observed in the left auricle after presumably arriving through the pulmonary arteries. Since a pulmonary vascular malformation was suspected, a computerised tomographic angiography scan of the thorax was performed and this confirmed the presence of a single PAVF in the right lung. A pulmonary arteriography was then carried out to confirm the presence of the malformation, which was later embolised. Two months later, the patient was asymptomatic and the fistula did not appear in the computerised tomographic angiography scan of the thorax. Conclusions. PAVFs can give rise to neurological conditions due to paradoxical embolisms that can produce abscesses and infarcts and/or concomitant lesions in the central nervous system. This is a certain indication of treatment of the malformation and the preferred technique is endovascular embolisation with coils, while surgery is reserved for cases in which endovascular treatment is not possible

[Retroperitoneal hemorrhage as a complication of renal angiomyolipoma]. / Hemorragia retroperitoneal como complicación del angiomiolipoma renal.

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is an uncommon, benign neoplasm of a hamartomatous origin that presents as multiple bilateral lesions occasionally associated with tuberous sclerosis, or as a single unilateral lesion. They are generally asymptomatic, and can manifest the following clinical triad: abdominal pain, palpable mass and hematuria. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage is a rare complication (9%). We report 3 cases of spontaneous rupture of renal AML with massive hemorrhage; two of these cases were associated with tuberous sclerosis. This complication was the presenting feature of renal AML in two cases. Radiologic diagnosis and management of this tumor type are highlighted.