ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Bleeding from carotid artery pseudoaneurysms is an emergency condition with high morbidity and mortality. We aimed to identify risk factors predicting pseudoaneurysmal bleeding as the cause of profuse epistaxis in irradiated head and neck cancer patients with suspect carotid blowout or pseudoaneurysms. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with history of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers and with nasal, oral or ear bleeding requiring in-patient treatment from hospital database. Pseudoaneurysms were subgrouped into internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysms, and external carotid artery (ECA) pseudoaneurysms. The treatment outcomes were evaluated using 30-day mortality rate, recurrent bleeding, and cerebral infarction. RESULTS: There were 41 admissions for suspected carotid blowout or pseudoaneurysms from 1 July 2016 to 30 June 2020 with 17 bleeding pseudoaneurysms identified, including 11 internal carotid arteries (ICA) pseudoaneurysms and 6 external carotid arteries (ECA) pseudoaneurysms. Among ICA pseudoaneurysms, six patients passed Balloon occlusion test with embolization and parent artery occlusion (trapping) of ICA performed, and all ECA pseudoaneurysms were embolized with parent artery occlusion (trapping). Baseline hypertension and hypotension on arrival were predictive for pseudoaneurysmal bleeding. The degree of haemoglobin drop was not significantly different between pseudoaneurysmal bleeding and non-pseudoaneurysmal bleeding (2.1 ± 1.4 g/dL vs. 1.6 ± 1.4 g/dL, p = 0.234). CONCLUSIONS: We identified baseline hypertension and hypotension on arrival as predictive factors for pseudoaneurysmal bleeding in patients with irradiated head and neck cancer. Presence of these risk factors should alert the clinicians to the possibility of carotid pseudoaneurysms.
