Sliding mode control strategy based on disturbance observer for permanent magnet in-wheel motor.

A novel sliding mode control(NSMC) strategy combined with a fast terminal sliding mode observer(FTSMO) is suggested in this paper to solve the parameter variation issue of permanent magnet in-wheel motor(PMIWM) installed in the distributed drive electrical vehicle (DDEV). First, a novel sliding mode power converging law is employed to enhance the response speed of the PMIWM controller. Second, an FTSMO is suggested to compensate for the parameter variation of the PMIWM system to strengthen the robustness of the control object. Finally, a fuzzy controller is designed to adjust the control parameters of the NSMC to optimize the control performance. Several simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed FTSMO-NSMC scheme can precisely compensate for parameter variation of the control object and improve control accuracy effectively.

Cell-liposome delivery system based on neuroinflammation to target the amygdala for ameliorating depressive-like behaviors.

Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder with unsatisfactory outcomes due to difficulties in delivering therapeutic molecules from the periphery to the brain. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in neurobiology and the treatment of depression. Neutrophils can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltrate key brain regions related to the pathophysiology of depression during neuroinflammation. N-Acetyl Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) peptides efficiently bind to CXCR2 receptors on the surface of neutrophils. The neuropeptide oxytocin demonstrated antidepressant properties in preclinical and clinical studies, but its inability to penetrate the BBB hampers its therapeutic applications. In this study, we established a novel drug delivery system based on neutrophil infiltration in key brain regions during neuroinflammation. PGP was used to modify oxytocin-loaded liposomes (PGP-OTL) as the target ligand. Systematic administration of PGP-OTL exhibited enhanced antidepressant properties resulting from elevated oxytocin concentrations, especially in the amygdala, a crucial depression-implicated brain region. Enhanced antidepressant effects of PGP-OTL, similar to the ones caused by central oxytocin infusion, were observed in behavioral measurement including forced swim and tail suspension tests. Our study demonstrated that PGP-OTL can "hitchhike" neutrophils and enhance delivery of therapeutics into the brain, thus providing the means for developing novel cell-liposome-based drug delivery strategies for depression therapy.

Prevalence characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women receiving physical examinations in the Shangcheng District, Hangzhou city, China.

This paper aimed to investigate the characteristics of female HPV infection in the Shangcheng District, Hangzhou city, China. The retrospective study was designed to analyze the HPV prevalence rate of 22,382 women receiving physical examinations from 2016 to 2020 in the Shangcheng District of Hangzhou city in China. A commercial kit was designed to detect the HPV genotypes. Trends were examined for age-specific groups (≤ 30 years, 31-44 years, 45-54 years, 55-64 years, ≥ 65 years). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to assess the correlation of age classification in high risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection. 22.41% (5015/22,382) of samples were HPV positive, 91.28% (4578/5015) of HPV positive women were infected by HR-HPV. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were 16, 52, 18, 58, 56, and 51. The trend of HPV prevalence showed the significant differences in age-specific groups (χ2 = 164.70, P < 0.001). Moreover, the areas under ROC curve (AUC) was 0.712 in 55-64 years group which showed a strong contribution of age classification for HR-HPV infection. This study provided baseline data on the prevalence characteristics of HPV infection and the critical age group of HR-HPV prevalence rate was 55-64 y among the samples receiving physical examinations.

High Performance Both in Low-Speed Tracking and Large-Angle Swing Scanning Based on Adaptive Nonsingular Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control for a Three-Axis Universal Inertially Stabilized Platform.

In order to improve the performance in the practical engineering applications including so called low-speed video tracking and large-angle swing scanning imaging at the same time for a three-axis universal inertially stabilized platform (UISP), we propose an adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control (ANFTSMC) strategy subjected to the uncertain disturbances and input saturation constraints. First of all, a second-order dynamic model is established with uncertain disturbances and input saturation constraints. Secondly, a nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller (NTSMC) is constructed to ensure the system error converges to zero fast in a finite time; meanwhile, a novel reaching law based on a modified normal distribution function is designed to adjust the control gain. Thirdly, an adaptive control law is designed to online estimate the parameters of the lumped uncertain disturbances. Additionally, the stability of the control system is proved by Lyapunov theory. Finally, extensive comparative simulations and experiments are carried out, the results comprehensively show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method, which can accelerate convergence, weaken the chattering, and has the better control accuracy and robust performance both in the low-speed tracking and large-angle swing scanning applications. Moreover, the exact dynamic model and the prior knowledge of the upper bounds of the disturbances are not required during the procedure of the controller design, which make it have more extensive application value in practical engineering.

Influence of Er3+ concentration and Ln3+ on the Judd-Ofelt parameters in LnOCl (Ln = Y, La, Gd) phosphors.

The optical transition properties of trivalent rare earth (RE3+) doped luminescent materials have received extensive attention. The Judd-Ofelt theory is an effective tool for exploring the optical transition properties for the 4f-4f transitions of lanthanides. The aim of this work is to discover the effect of Er3+ concentration and different Ln3+ ions on the Judd-Ofelt parameters in LnOCl:Er3+ (Ln = Y, La, Gd) phosphors. Oxychloride LnOCl:Er3+ (Ln = Y, La, Gd) phosphors were produced via a single displacement reaction technique. The Judd-Ofelt calculation procedure for RE3+ doped powders was modified and then adopted to obtain the Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er3+ in the studied phosphors. Meanwhile, a new route for examining the Judd-Ofelt calculation quality was proposed and used. It was found that the Er3+ doping concentration slightly affects the optical transition properties of Er3+ in YOCl and LaOCl, but greatly affects the optical transition properties in GdOCl. Moreover, it was also found that the optical transition properties of Er3+ depend also on Ln3+ (Ln = Y, La, Gd) though the crystal structure of these compounds is similar. The Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er3+ are the smallest in LaOCl:Er3+, medium in YOCl:Er3+, but the biggest in GdOCl:Er3+ when the doping concentration is the same.

Effects of Shen Cao Granules on Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: To observe clinical effects of Shen Cao granules on thrombocytopenia in patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients under a FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimen (n = 92) were randomly divided into study and control groups (n = 46 for each group) and were given 10 g of Shen Cao granules and a placebo, respectively, once daily on chemotherapy treatment days. Platelet counts were measured every other day and any adverse reaction recorded during the study and at follow-up. RESULTS: The incidence of thrombocytopenia (grades II-IV) in the study group was significantly decreased, and the length of hospitalization significantly reduced compared with the control group (11.21 ± 2.46 vs 15.34 ± 3.68 days, P < .05). The minimum numbers of post-chemotherapy platelets and the values of platelet counts 21 days after chemotherapy were significantly increased ([100.65 ± 63.16] × 109/L vs [60.21 ±37.22] × 109/L, P < .05; [267.81 ± 81.32] × 109/L vs [146.42 ± 70.54] × 109/L, P < .001), and the duration of thrombocytopenia and treatment with recombinant human interleukin-11 was significantly decreased in the Shen Cao treatment compared with the control group. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Shen Cao granules were effective in decreasing chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, shortened the duration of thrombocytopenia, and reduced the length of hospital stay and costs.

SOCS1 and SOCS3 Target IRF7 Degradation To Suppress TLR7-Mediated Type I IFN Production of Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells.

Type I IFN production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) triggered by TLR-signaling is an essential part of antiviral responses and autoimmune reactions. Although it was well-documented that members of the cytokine signaling (SOCS) family regulate TLR-signaling, the mechanism of how SOCS proteins regulate TLR7-mediated type I IFN production has not been elucidated yet. In this article, we show that TLR7 activation in human pDCs induced the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3. SOCS1 and SOCS3 strongly suppressed TLR7-mediated type I IFN production. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SOCS1- and SOCS3-bound IFN regulatory factor 7, a pivotal transcription factor of the TLR7 pathway, through the SH2 domain to promote its proteasomal degradation by lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination. Together, our results demonstrate that SOCS1/3-mediated degradation of IFN regulatory factor 7 directly regulates TLR7 signaling and type I IFN production in pDCs. This mechanism might be targeted by therapeutic approaches to either enhance type I IFN production in antiviral treatment or decrease type I IFN production in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Kanglaite reverses multidrug resistance of HCC by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via PI3K/AKT pathway.

BACKGROUND: Multidrug resistance (MDR) frequently contributes to the failure of chemotherapeutic treatments in patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Revealing the molecular mechanism of MDR is indispensable for the development of effective chemotherapeutic drugs. PURPOSE: Due to the low-toxicity modulators to inhibit MDR, we considered that Kanglaite (KLT) is a potential agent for reversing MDR in HCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BEL-7402/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and HepG2/adriamycin (ADM) were analyzed for cell viability, colony formation assay, cell scratch assay, and cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay by flow cytometry. The expression of PARP, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, CDC25C, Cyclin B1 and phosphorylation of PTEN, PI3K, and AKT in HepG2/ADM cells were detected by western blotting. RESULTS: The proliferation of drug-resistant cell lines BEL-7402/5-FU and HepG2/ADM pretreated with KLT was significantly inhibited when compared with drug alone. KLT could increase the accumulation of ADM in HepG2/ADM cells. In this study, we found that KLT treatment notably reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human HepG2/ADM and BEL-7402/5-FU cells, and effectively reversed the MDR by p-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition. Moreover, KLT decreased the phosphorylation of AKT and PI3K in KLT-treated HepG2/ADM cells. These data together implied that KLT might reverse drug resistance in HCC by blocking the PI3K/AKT signaling. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated that KLT reversed MDR of human HCC by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Shen-Cao granules formulated based on traditional Chinese medicine alleviates bone marrow suppression caused by platinum-based anticancer reagents.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of Shen-Cao granules for the prevention of thrombocytopenia caused by anticancer chemotherapy. METHODS: In this prospective study, a total of 200 patients with various malignant tumors were enrolled and evenly divided into a Shen-Cao granule treatment (n = 100) and a control group (n = 100). After 2 cycles chemotherapy with any combination of platinum-based drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, and nedaplatin), the blood platelet (PLT) counts, levels of the PLT production regulator thrombopoietin (TPO), PLT aggregation rates, and the PLT activation marker CD62P expressions were monitored for 2 weeks. RESULTS: During 2 weeks of post-chemotherapy, the mean values of the minimum PLT count were 49.65 ±â€Š7.35 × 10/L in the treatment group and 31.56 ±â€Š9.32 × 10/L in the control group. The PLT count in the treatment group reached the lowest value 1.8 days later and recovered to a concentration ≥100 × 10/L 3 days earlier than in the control group. The concentrations of the TPO were 71.43 ±â€Š1.74 and 87.24 ±â€Š0.92 ng/mL in the treatment group and 65.75 ±â€Š1.39 and 67.75 ±â€Š0.67 ng/mL in the control group at 7 and 14 days post-chemotherapy, respectively. The maximum PLT aggregation rate declined after chemotherapy in the treatment group from 58.14 ±â€Š11.46% to 52.89 ±â€Š10.52%, while it increased in the control group from 56.94 ±â€Š10.55% to 61.75 ±â€Š12.26%. Coordinately, the expression of CD62P in the treatment group decreased from 6.17 ±â€Š0.59% to 4.89 ±â€Š0.72%, while it increased from 6.09 ±â€Š0.75% to 7.75 ±â€Š0.67% in the control group. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that Shen-Cao granule treatment alleviated thrombocytopenia after chemotherapy, and reduced tumor-induced PLT activation and aggregation.

Distinct Expression and Function of FcεRII in Human B Cells and Monocytes.

FcεRII is a multifunctional low-affinity IgER that is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Although discrepancies in FcεRII-mediated functions are being increasingly recognized, the consequences of FcεRII activation are not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the expression of FcεRII on human blood cells and found that it was primarily expressed on monocytes and B cells. Although IL-4 promoted expression of the FcεRIIb isoform on B cells and monocytes, the expression of the FcεRIIa isoform was not dependent on IL-4. Furthermore, FcεRII predominantly bound allergen-IgE complexes on B cells but not on monocytes. FcεRII-mediated allergen-IgE complex uptake by B cells directed Ags to MHC class II-rich compartments. FcεRII-bearing monocytes and B cells expressed high levels of the FcεRII sheddase a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10, which implies that they are important sources of soluble FcεRII. Moreover, we identified that IgE immune complex stimulation of FcεRII activated intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation via Syk in B cells but not in monocytes. Importantly, FcεRII-mediated signaling by allergen-IgE immune complexes increased IFN-γ production in B cells of allergic patients during the build-up phase of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Together, our results demonstrate that FcεRII mediates cell type-dependent function in allergic reactions. In addition, the results identify a novel allergen-IgE complex/FcεRII/Syk/IFN-γ pathway in allergic responses and suggest that FcεRII may play a role in regulating allergic reactions via modulating IFN-γ production in B cells.

Evaluation of specific marker CK13 and CK10/13 combined with APM staining for the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism and aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the value of CK13 (Rab) and CK10/13(Mab) as objective and specific biomarkers combined with Alcian-Phloxine-Martius yellow (APM) staining for the diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) and amniotic fluid aspiration (AFA). METHODS: A retrospective study of forensic autopsy cases of 148 neonatal deaths and 19 maternal deaths in the perinatal stage was conducted at the Institute of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Zhejiang University. Medical records were reviewed and monoclonal antibody for CK13 (Rab) and CK10/13 (Mab) as immunostaining of amniotic fluid squamous cells, APM staining, and Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining were used to diagnose the AFE and AFA. Descriptive statistics of the patient population were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity of CK13 and CK10/13 specifically identified squamous cells of all the AFE and AFA cases. The amniotic fluid squamous cells were stained positive in a deep brown color with the monoclonal antibody to CK 13 and CK10/13 whereas the endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells were negative. There was no CK13 or CK10/13 expression in the non-AFE and non-AFA cases. With APM staining keratinized squamous cells were pink and mucus was blue-green in marked contrast with the surrounding tissue, which improved the detection rates of both keratinized squamous cells and mucus. CONCLUSIONS: CK13 (Rab) and CK10/13 (Mab) are valuable and reliable biomarkers of amniotic fluid squamous cells. APM reveals enriched mucus and keratinized squamous cells of amniotic fluid. Immunohistochemical detection of CK13 and CK10/13 combined with APM staining can improve the accuracy and reduce the difficulty in the diagnosis of AFE and AFA.

Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells support Th17 cell effector function in response to TLR7 ligation.

Signals involved in the commitment of Th17 differentiation are of substantial interest for our understanding of antimicrobial defense mechanisms and autoimmune disorders. Various ways in which myeloid dendritic cells modulate Th17 differentiation have been identified. However, although plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are regarded as important players in antiviral/antimicrobial host defense and autoimmune diseases, a putative modulatory role of PDCs in Th17 differentiation has not yet been elucidated in detail. We demonstrated that PDCs are capable of promoting Th17 differentiation in response to TLR7 stimulation. Further, both the differentiation of Th17 cells from naive T cells and the amplification of Th17 effector functions of memory T cells are promoted by PDCs after TLR7 activation. Our data are of strong clinical relevance because TLR7 activation in PDCs might represent one of the missing links between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and contribute to the amplification of Th17-driven autoimmune disorders as well as viral host defense.

Toll-like receptor 7 agonists and skin.

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 is an intracellular TLR that is expressed on membranes of endosomes and recognizes nucleosides and nucleotides from intracellular pathogens. Synthetic agonists of TLR7 comprise guanine nucleoside analogues, stabilized immune modulatory RNA, as well as imidoazoquinoline-based compounds. Activation of pattern recognition receptors such as TLR with appropriate agonists induces a sophisticated defense machinery of the innate immune system. Targeting TLR pathways represents a cleverly devised and promising therapeutic strategy. At present, imiquimod is the most frequently used TLR7 ligand in clinical practice and has been approved for the treatment of external genital warts and (pre-) cancerous skin lesions such as actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Upon topical application, this TLR7 agonist induces increased production of interferon-alpha, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and a Th1 prone immune response. Imiquimod enforces the recruitment of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subtypes and cytotoxic T cells, and increases the capacity of antigen-presenting cells to induce reactive T cells. Based on its multifaceted functions including proapoptotic, antifibrotic, antiangiogenic and antiaging effects, several reports about the efficacy of imiquimod as a treatment of various other skin diseases exist. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the immunological mechanisms induced by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod as well as established clinical therapies and putative applications of TLR7 agonists in the near future.

Inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides downregulate herpes simplex virus-induced plasmacytoid dendritic cell type I interferon production and modulate cell function.

Recognition of nucleic acids by TLR9 expressed by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) plays a key role in the defense against viral infections. Upon microbial pathogen stimulation, PDC secrete large amounts of type I interferon and arbitrate thereby both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Unmethylated CpG motifs, which are an integral part of bacterial or viral DNA, are used in vitro and in vivo to activate the TLR9 pathway, whereas inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide (iODN) are capable of depressing TLR9 signaling. In this study we demonstrate that TTAGGG motifs containing iODN efficiently block the TLR9 signaling in terms of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced type I interferon production by PDC. However, iODN, as well as control ODN, still promote PDC maturation with upregulated expression of costimulatory molecules, major histocompatibility complex molecules, and other signs for PDC maturation. Furthermore, iODN and control ODN incubated PDC demonstrate increased T-cell stimulatory functions. Coculture experiments with autologous T cells indicate that iODN-treated PDC induce more CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells from naive CD4(+) T cells and preincubation of HSV-stimulated PDC with iODN upregulated T cells' IFN-gamma production. These data indicate that iODN, while blocking type I interferon production by PDC, modify PDC activation and maturation as well as T-cell priming and stimulation. Knowledge about the different functions of iODN on PDC elucidated might be crucial for immunotherapeutic strategies in which iODN motifs are used to prevent the interaction of CpG-DNA with TLR9 to calm down specific immunological responses, because our data indicate that iODN might not only have inhibitory functions but also be effective activators of immune cells.

Network of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) presents as a chronic relapsing skin disease with high prevalence in children. The typical distributed skin lesions make the clinical diagnosis of AD very simple and clear-cut in most of the cases. In contrast, the underlying mechanisms leading to the manifestation of AD are more than complex and consist of genetic components combined with various deficiencies on the level of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Challenged by this puzzle, scientific approaches of the last years have made considerable progress in gaining insights into the mechanisms, which cause AD. AD is a biphasic inflammatory skin disease characterized by an initial phase predominated by Th2 cytokines which switches into a second, more chronic Th1-dominated eczematous phase. Two different dendritic cell (DC) subtypes bearing the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) have been identified in the epidermal skin of AD patients: FcepsilonRIhigh Langerhans cells (LCs) and FcepsilonRIhigh inflammatory dendritic epidermal cells (IDECs). These two DC subtypes are believed to contribute distinctly to the biphasic nature and the outcome of T cell responses in AD. In contrast, plasmacytoid DCs, which play an important role in the defence against viral infections, have been shown to bear the high-affinity receptor for IgE too but are nearly absent from the epidermal skin lesions of AD patients. In light of recent developments, the picture emerges that different IgE-receptor bearing DC subtypes in the blood and skin of AD patients play a pivotal role in the complex network of DCs, which is highlighted in this review.