Trajectories of Problem Behaviors and Information Technology Use Among Adolescents: A Latent Growth Model Using the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey.

We investigated the association between computer and mobile phone online activities and adolescents' problem behaviors (e.g., depressive symptoms, withdrawal, somatic complaints, attention deficit, and aggression) using data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey and latent growth model analysis. The results demonstrated that text-related activities lowered withdrawal and attention deficit. Higher use of online communities or personal websites was associated with higher depressive symptoms, withdrawal, somatic symptoms, and aggression. Online gaming increased both attention deficit' initial value and its decrease rate. Taking photos decreased withdrawal. Watching videos increased depressive symptoms, withdrawal, and attention deficit. Listening to music lowered attention deficit' initial value and somatic symptoms' decrease rate. Accessing adult websites increased attention deficit and aggression. Educational information searches reduced attention deficit and aggression. Online transactions increased somatic symptoms. This study indicates that adolescents' problem behaviors may appear differently depending on the type of information technology use.

COVID-19 and depressive symptoms among older adults in South Korea.

This study analyzed the effects of COVID-19 and gender differences in depressive symptoms in older adults using data from the 7th (2018) and 8th (2020) surveys of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. A panel two-way-fixed effects model was used to control for individual fixed effects and time effects. A 0.1% point increase in the intensity of COVID-19 was associated with an average increase of 1.5 points out of 10 on the Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CES-D10) among older adults. The increase in depression was greater among women. Depressive factors due to COVID-19 among older adults are more likely to be related to negative emotions or interpersonal relationships than to physical and behavioral decline. Depression prevention policies for older adults should be informed by these gender differences. While older men require assistance with instrumental activities of daily living such as housework, meal preparation, etc., older women should be provided with online socialization opportunities to interact with others.

The reciprocal relationship between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation in Korean adolescents: Autoregressive cross-lagged modeling.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reciprocal longitudinal effects between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation among Korean adolescents, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was applied to a data set from a sample of 1659 adolescents from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. We found that the positive autoregressive effects of mobile phone dependence and school adaptation were statistically significant over the study period. Results from the cross-lagged analyses demonstrated a unidirectional relationship between two variables: Superior school adaptation decreased mobile phone dependence, but mobile phone dependence did not affect school adaptation. Thus, we identified the causal direction and reciprocal relationship between mobile phone dependence and school adaptation. Girls were found to have a higher level of mobile phone dependence than boys did. Furthermore, the higher the household income, the better adolescents adapted to school. Child abuse and neglect played a role in increasing mobile phone dependence and negatively affected school adaptation.

The Effect of Child Abuse and Neglect on Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms and Aggression in Korean Adolescents: Exploring Gender Differences.

We analyzed gender differences in the effects of child abuse and neglect experienced during adolescence on depressive symptoms and aggression in Korean adolescents using a representative sample of participants over a three-year period. We applied a latent growth model to a sample of 1797 adolescents aged 14-16 from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Our findings revealed that abuse increased depressive symptoms in early adolescence, while lowering the rate of increase in depressive symptoms over time. Neglect adversely affected depressive symptoms in boys, but not in girls. Abuse increased the initial value of aggression in girls more than in boys, but reduced the increase rate of aggression over time in girls. Neglect increased the initial value of aggression only in boys. Consequently, abuse and neglect experienced during adolescence can affect depressive symptoms and aggression in the individual differently, depending on gender. This study suggests that, in order to reduce depressive symptoms and aggression in adolescents, work should be undertaken to solve the problems of abuse and neglect, and different approaches should be taken according to the gender of the individual.

Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis Between Mobile Phone Dependence, Friendships, and Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Adolescents.

This study examined reciprocal longitudinal effects between mobile phone dependence, friendships, and depressive symptoms using 3-year longitudinal data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. An autoregressive cross-lagged model was applied to a sample of 1,737 adolescents. Results suggested that unidirectional relationships exist between the three variables: friendships reduce mobile phone dependence (B = -0.068, p = 0.058; B = -0.118, p < 0.001) and depressive symptoms increase mobile phone dependence (B = 0.082, p = 0.001; B = 0.128, p < 0.001); however, mobile phone dependence does not affect friendships and depressive symptoms. In addition, this study provided evidence of the negative bidirectional relationship between friendships and depressive symptoms. We suggest that, to prevent or treat adolescents' mobile phone dependence, a practical approach regarding friendships and depressive symptoms is needed.

Gender differences in job satisfaction among disabled workers.

This paper explores the association between job satisfaction and gender for workers with disabilities, using data from the Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled, which interviews officially registered persons with disabilities in Korea. To take full advantage of the longitudinal data, we apply random-effects ordered probit models to investigate the underlying factors that affect gender differentials in job satisfaction. Our findings reveal that merely different work values between women and men do not account for the significantly higher job satisfaction among women. We suggest that workers' expectations play a role in explaining why female workers are happier in the workplace than their male counterparts; that is, holding other factors constant, women's expectations from jobs are lower than men's. This hypothesis is partially supported by the empirical analyses that gender differentials diminish among the highly educated workers, for whom there is less likely to be a gender gap in terms of job expectations.

Area-Selective Lift-Off Mechanism Based on Dual-Triggered Interfacial Adhesion Switching: Highly Facile Fabrication of Flexible Nanomesh Electrode.

With the recent emergence of flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices, the achievement of sufficient bendability and stretchability of transparent and conducting electrodes (TCEs) has become an important requirement. Although metal-mesh-based structures have been investigated for TCEs because of their excellent performances, the fabrication of mesh or grid structures with a submicron line width is still complex due to the requirements of laborious lithography and pattern transfer steps. Here, we introduce an extremely facile fabrication technique for metal patterns embedded in a flexible substrate based on submicron replication and an area-selective delamination (ASD) pattern. The high-yield, area-specific lift-off process is based on the principle of solvent-assisted delamination of deposited metal thin films and a mechanical triggering effect by soft wiping or ultrasonication. Our fabrication process is very simple, convenient, and cost-effective in that it does not require any lithography/etching steps or sophisticated facilities. Moreover, their outstanding optical and electrical properties (e.g., sheet resistances of 0.43 Ω sq-1 at 94% transmittance), which are markedly superior to those of other flexible TCEs, are demonstrated. Furthermore, there is no significant change of resistance over 1000 repeated bending cycles, with a bending radius of 5 mm, and immersion in various solvents such as salt water and organic solvents. Finally, we demonstrate high-performance transparent heaters and flexible touch panels fabricated using the nanomesh electrode, confirming the long-range electrical conduction and reliability of the electrode.

Genetic and clinical characteristics of korean patients with isolated hypoparathyroidism: from the Korean hypopara registry study.

Isolated hypoparathyroidism (IH) shows heterogeneous phenotypes and can be caused by defects in a variety of genes. The goal of our study was to determine the clinical features and to analyze gene mutations in a large cohort of Korean patients with sporadic or familial IH. We recruited 23 patients. They showed a broad range of onset age and various values of biochemical data. Whole exome sequencing was performed on two affected cases and one unaffected individual in a family. All coding exons and exon-intron borders of GCMB, CASR, and prepro-PTH were sequenced using PCR-amplified DNA. In one family who underwent the whole exome sequencing analysis, approximately 300 single nucleotide changes emerged as candidates for genetic alteration. Among them, we identified a functional mutation in exon 2 of GCMB (C106R) in two affected cases. Besides, heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in the CASR gene were found in other subjects; D410E and P221L. We also found one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the prepro-PTH gene, five SNPs in the CASR gene, and four SNPs in the GCMB gene. The current study represents a variety of biochemical phenotypes in IH patients with the molecular genetic diagnosis of IH.

Direct and indirect effects of the temperament and character on alexithymia: a pathway analysis with mood and anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the pathway from personality to alexithymia through mood and anxiety as mediators. METHOD: Three hundred thirty-four subjects (130 male), whose psychiatric health was verified by Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I disorders, completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), the Temperament and Character Inventory, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). The schematic models for the pathway analysis from Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to TAS-20 scores were made. RESULTS: Low reward dependence (RD), low self-directedness (S-D), and high cooperativeness (CO) had paths to TAS-20 total (P = .000, P = .000, and P = .042, respectively). S-D had also an indirect path via STAI-state to TAS total. On TAS-20 factor 1, low RD, low S-D, and high self-transcendence (ST) had direct effects (P = .004, P = .000, and P = .000, respectively). S-D had also an indirect path via STAI-state and (CES-D) on TAS-20 factor 1. On TAS factor 2, low novelty seeking (NS), high harm avoidance (HA), low RD, low S-D, and high cooperativeness (CO) had direct effects (P = .005, P = .011, P = .000, P = .000, and P = .004, respectively). On TAS-20 factor 3, low RD and S-D had direct effects (P = .002 and P = .000, respectively). CONCLUSION: Current results suggest that although alexithymia is affected by the personality, state-dependent mood and anxiety may mediate the relationship between alexithymia and personality.