Profiles of digital health literacy among university students and its association with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A latent profile analysis.

Objective: Investigating the digital health literacy of university students can facilitate their effective acquisition of health information and adoption of appropriate protective behaviors. This study aims to explore the subtypes of digital health literacy among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their association with mental health outcomes. Methods: From 17 November to 14 December 2022, a stratified random sampling approach was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey on digital health literacy, fear of COVID-19, and depression status among students at Jilin University, China. A total of 1060 valid responses were obtained in the survey. Latent profile analysis identified subtypes of digital health literacy and linear regression analyses were used to examine the association of digital health literacy to the mental health outcome. Results: Three latent profiles were identified: Profile 1-low digital health literacy (n = 66, 6.23%), Profile 2-moderate digital health literacy (n = 706, 66.60%), and Profile 3-high digital health literacy (n = 288, 27.17%). Results from linear regression demonstrated a negative correlation between digital health literacy and fear of COVID-19 (B = -2.954, P < 0.001) as well as depression (B = -2.619, P < 0.001) among university students. Conclusions: This study indicated that the majority of university students exhibit a moderate level of digital health literacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the study validates a negative correlation between digital health literacy and mental health among university students.

The mediating role of job satisfaction and presenteeism on the relationship between job stress and turnover intention among primary health care workers.

BACKGROUND: Turnover problems among primary health care workers are a significant contributor to the shortage of health human resources. This study aims to determine the relationship between job stress and turnover intention among primary health care workers, as well as to examine the mediating effects of job satisfaction and presenteeism on this relationship. METHODS: Stratified random sampling and quota sampling were used to select 703 primary health care workers in Jilin Province, China in January 2020. Validated scales were used to measure turnover intention, job stress, job satisfaction, and presenteeism among primary health care workers. The study utilized a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach to test the research hypotheses. RESULTS: The turnover intention score of primary health care workers in Jilin Province was 2.15 ± 1.03, and 19.5% of respondents reported a higher turnover intention. Significant sex and occupation differences were found, with a higher rate of turnover intention for male and doctor groups among primary health care workers. This study also revealed a positive correlation between job stress and turnover intention (ß = 0.235, P < 0.001), a significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and turnover intention (ß= -0.347, P < 0.001), and a significant positive correlation between presenteeism and turnover intention (ß = 0.153, P < 0.001). Moreover, the study revealed a significant indirect effect of job stress on turnover intention which was mediated by job satisfaction (ß = 0.183, P < 0.001) and presenteeism (ß = 0.078, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We confirmed the positive association between job stress and presenteeism with turnover intention, as well as the negative association between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Moreover, our study confirmed the mediating role of job satisfaction and presenteeism in the relationship between job stress and turnover intention. This study provides scientific evidence to address the turnover problem among primary health care workers.

Mental health among healthcare workers during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province in China.

Background: The prolonged COVID-19 pandemic has seriously impacted the mental health of healthcare workers. This study aimed to explore the mental health status of healthcare workers, compare the differences in mental health between physicians and nurses, and verify the impact of risk perception on mental health in the long-term COVID-19 pandemic in Jilin Province, China. Methods: A stratified random sample was used to conduct an on-site questionnaire survey in December 2020 to measure the mental health status, risk perceptions, and demographic characteristics of healthcare workers in Jilin Province, China. A total of 3,383 participants completed the questionnaire survey, of which 3,373 were valid questionnaires. Results: A total of 23.6% (n = 795) of participants had symptoms of depression, 27.4% (n = 923) had symptoms of anxiety, and 16.3% (n = 551) had symptoms of stress. Physicians reported significantly higher rates of depression and anxiety than nurses (p = 0.023, p = 0.013, respectively). There was no significant difference in the proportion of participants with stress between physicians and nurses (p = 0.474). Multivariate logistic regression results showed that healthcare workers who had a high level of risk perception were more likely to have symptoms of depression (AOR = 4.12, p < 0.001), anxiety (AOR = 3.68, p < 0.001), and stress (AOR = 4.45, p < 0.001) after controlling for other variables. Conclusion: At least one in six healthcare workers experienced mental health problems, and physicians were more likely than nurses to suffer from depression during the prolonged COVID-19 epidemic. Risk perception was highly predictive of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in medical staff. Public health interventions are needed to mitigate the long-term psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ambient air pollution, temperature and hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in a cold, industrial city.

Background: The influences of air pollution exposure and temperature on respiratory diseases have become major global health concerns. This study investigated the relationship between ambient air pollutant concentrations and temperature in cold industrial cities that have the risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases. Methods: A time-series study was conducted in Changchun, China, from 2015 to 2019 to analyse the number of daily admissions for respiratory diseases, air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological factors. Time-series decomposition was applied to analyse the trend and characteristics of the number of admissions. Generalized additive models and distributed lag nonlinear models were constructed to explore the effects of air pollutant concentrations and temperature on the number of admissions. Results: The number of daily admissions showed an increasing trend, and the seasonal fluctuation was obvious, with more daily admissions in winter and spring than in summer and autumn. There were positive and gradually decreasing lag effects of PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and CO concentrations on the number of admissions, whereas O3 showed a J-shaped trend. The results showed that within the 7-day lag period, 0.5°C was the temperature associated with the lowest relative risk of admission due to respiratory disease, and extremely low and high temperatures (<-18°C, >27°C, respectively) increased the risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases by 8.3% and 12.1%, respectively. Conclusions: From 2015 to 2019, respiratory diseases in Changchun showed an increasing trend with obvious seasonality. The increased concentrations of SO2, NO2, CO, PM2.5, O3 and PM10 lead to an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases, with a significant lag effect. Both extreme heat and cold could lead to increases in the risk of admission due to respiratory disease.

The comparative analysis of SARIMA, Facebook Prophet, and LSTM for road traffic injury prediction in Northeast China.

Objective: This cross-sectional research aims to develop reliable predictive short-term prediction models to predict the number of RTIs in Northeast China through comparative studies. Methodology: Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Facebook Prophet (Prophet) models were used for time series prediction of the number of RTIs inpatients. The three models were trained using data from 2015 to 2019, and their prediction accuracy was compared using data from 2020 as a test set. The parameters of the SARIMA model were determined using the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the partial autocorrelation function (PACF). The LSTM uses linear as the activation function, the mean square error (MSE) as the loss function and the Adam optimizer to construct the model, while the Prophet model is built on the Python platform. The root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) are used to measure the predictive performance of the model. Findings: In this research, the LSTM model had the highest prediction accuracy, followed by the Prophet model, and the SARIMA model had the lowest prediction accuracy. The trend in medical expenditure of RTIs inpatients overlapped highly with the number of RTIs inpatients. Conclusion: By adjusting the activation function and optimizer, the LSTM predicts the number of RTIs inpatients more accurately and robustly than other models. Compared with other models, LSTM models still show excellent prediction performance in the face of data with seasonal and drastic changes. The LSTM can provide a better basis for planning and management in healthcare administration. Implication: The results of this research show that it is feasible to accurately forecast the demand for healthcare resources with seasonal distribution using a suitable forecasting model. The prediction of specific medical service volumes will be an important basis for medical management to allocate medical and health resources.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of the Helicobacter Pylori Screening Programme in an Asymptomatic Population in China.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) screening and eradication treatment in an asymptomatic population in China and to explore the most cost-effective screening protocol for H. pylori. Method We used TreeAge 2019 to construct Markov models to assess the direct healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and the cost per year of life saved (YoLS) of three therapies, i.e., annual, triennial and five-yearly H. pylori screening. Excess probabilities were derived from published high quality studies and Meta-analyses, and costs and utilities were derived from the Chinese Yearbook of Health Care Statistics and published studies. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were used to describe the results. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set at China's Gross National Product per capita. Result In the asymptomatic population, the ICER per QALYs gained was US$1238.47 and US$1163.71 for every three and five years of screening compared to the annual screening group; the ICER per YoLS gained was US$3067.91 and US$1602.78, respectively. Conclusion Screening for H. pylori in asymptomatic populations in China and eradicating treatment for those who test positive is cost-effective. Increasing screening participation in asymptomatic populations is more effective than increasing the frequency of screening. From a national payer perspective, it is cost-effective to screen the general asymptomatic population in China for H. pylori and to eradicate those who test positive. Individuals need to choose a screening programme that they can afford according to their financial situation.

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Rivaroxaban in Chinese Patients With Stable Cardiovascular Disease.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of low-dose rivaroxaban plus aspirin versus aspirin alone for patients with stable cardiovascular diseases in the China. Methods: We used TreeAge 2019 to construct a Markov model to assess the direct healthcare costs and quality-adjusted life years for three therapies, namely low-does rivaroxaban plus aspirin, rivaroxaban alone, and aspirin alone. Transitional probabilities were derived from the COMPASS trial, and the costs and utilities were obtained from the Chinese Health Care Statistical Yearbook and published studies. Use the Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio to describe the results. The willingness-to-pay threshold is set at US$11,000 (China's 2020 Gross National Product per capita). Result: In patients with stable cardiovascular disease, the increased cost per quality-adjusted life year gained in the low-dose rivaroxaban combined with aspirin group compared to the aspirin alone group was US$7937.30. The increased cost per quality-adjusted life year gained in the rivaroxaban alone group versus the aspirin alone group was US$15,045.78. Conclusion: A low-does rivaroxaban plus aspirin therapy may be cost-effective in the secondary prevention of stable cardiovascular disease in patients.

The relationship between public service motivation and turnover intention: the mediating role of work stress and task performance.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of health care workforce is a common problem all over the world and one of the main reasons for the shortage is the high turnover rate. Based on the characteristics of medical work, this study explored the relationship among public service motivation (PSM), work stress, task performance and turnover intention. METHODS: Medical personnel in public hospitals were selected by stratified random sampling in Jilin province of China and validated scales from previous studies were applied to measure the variables. Besides, a structural equation model of turnover intention was constructed to demonstrate the relationship. RESULTS: A total of 3191 valid questionnaires were collected. The results showed that the score of turnover intention was 2.02 ± 1.13. There are significant differences in turnover intention among medical staff of different genders and departments. At the same time, PSM had direct and negative effects on the turnover intention (ß = -0.292, P < 0.001), work stress had direct and positive effects on the turnover intention (ß = 0.479, P < 0.001), whereas task performance had no significant effect on turnover intention (ß = 0.044, P < 0.142). The results showed an acceptable fit model. CONCLUSION: The greater the PSM, the lower the turnover intention, and the higher the work stress, the higher the turnover intention. In addition, work stress and task performance play a mediating role between PSM and turnover intention. This paper provides theoretical support for the measures to reduce the turnover intention of medical staff.

Work Stress, Health Status and Presenteeism in Relation to Task Performance Among Chinese Medical Staff During COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the direct effects of work stress, health status and presenteeism on task performance, and further explore the mediating effects of health status and presenteeism, hoping to provide theoretical basis for improving the performance of medical staff. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical staff in Jilin Province, Northeast China. The Challenge and Hindrance-Related Self-Reported Stress scale, Short Form-8 Health Survey scale, Stanford Presenteeism Scale and Task Performance Scale were adopted to assess the work stress, health status, presenteeism and task performance of medical staff. Results: A total of 4,347 questionnaires were distributed among medical staff, and 4261 were valid, for an effective rate of 98.02%. The mean scores for work stress, health status, presenteeism and task performance were 2.05 ± 0.84, 4.18 ± 0.68, 2.15 ± 0.79 and 4.49 ± 0.64, respectively. The ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences in the task performance scores between different genders, ages, marital statuses, professional titles, departments and work years (P < 0.05). Work stress (ß = -0.136, P < 0.001) and presenteeism (ß = -0.171, P < 0.001) were negative predictors of task performance. Health status (ß = 0.10; P < 0.001) was positive predictor of task performance. Health status (ß = -0.070; P < -0.001) and presenteeism (ß = -0.064; P < 0.001) mediated the relationship between work stress and task performance (P < 0.001). Presenteeism mediated the relationship between health status and task performance (ß = 0.07; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Work stress and presenteeism had significant negative impact on the task performance of medical staff; health status had a significant positive effect on task performance. Meanwhile, health status and presenteeism played a mediating role in the relationship between work stress and task performance, and presenteeism played a mediating role in the relationship between health status and task performance. Reasonable assignment of tasks can reduce the work stress, but to improve the performance of medical staff, we should pay more attention on improving health, such as making health-related safeguard measures, raising awareness, building a platform, etc.

Factors Influencing Medical Personnel to Work in Primary Health Care Institutions: An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior.

In China, the primary health care institutions (PHCIs) have difficulty winning the trust of residents because of the shortage of medical personnel and the low level of skills. The government has advocated encouraging qualified doctors to work in PHCIs, but no obvious results are achieved. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this paper explores the factors affecting medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs and then putting forward measures to improve the human resources construction of PHCIs. A three-stage survey was conducted to obtain the factors and a structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the relationship of the factors. We found that the factors affecting medical personnel to work in PHCIs include the specific conditions and work contents of PHCIs, as well as the family life and regional factors. Besides, there is a significant correlation and indirectness between these factors. Therefore, targeted measures can be proposed to improve the intention of medical personnel seeking employment in PHCIs. This study provides theoretical support for encouraging medical personnel to work in PHCIs and improving the primary health care system.

Analysis of factors affecting medical personnel seeking employment at primary health care institutions: developing human resources for primary health care.

BACKGROUND: The serious shortage of human resources for primary health care (PHC) is a common issue in health reforms worldwide. China has proposed that it is an effective way to encourage and guide qualified medical personnel to work in primary health care institutions (PHCIs). However, few studies have been conducted on the willingness and influencing factors of medical personnel to seek employment at PHCIs. METHODS: Based on implicit theory and lexical approach, pre-investigation was conducted to collect the items that influence the medical personnel to seek employment at PHCIs from the perspective of guided objects. Through a three-phase investigation of 1160 doctors in 29 public hospitals in 9 cities, the items were categorized, and a structural equation model was established and verified to explore the interrelationship of influencing factors. RESULTS: A total of 6 factors were rotated, including Sense of Gain (SG), Internal Organization Development (IOD), Remuneration and Development (RD), Condition of the City Where the PHCI Is Located (CCPL), Job Responsibilities (JR) and Family Support (FS). The results of the model showed that IOD, RD, JR and FS had a significantly positive effect on the SG. In addition, the FS, RD and JR significantly mediated the relationship between the internal and external environment of PHCIs and SG. The values of the fit index indicated an acceptable-fitting model. CONCLUSION: Family, remuneration, individual development, and job responsibility are closely related to the willingness of medical personnel to seek employment at PHCIs, and the internal and external environment of PHCIs is also an important factor. Therefore, the development of PHC providers can be promoted by paying attention to the family members of medical personnel, establishing a reasonable remuneration system, providing suitable development opportunities, arranging work rationally and improving the internal construction of PHCIs.

Analysis of multimorbidity networks associated with different factors in Northeast China: a cross-sectional analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify and study the associations and co-occurrence of multimorbidity, and assessed the associations of diseases with sex, age and hospitalisation duration. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: 15 general hospitals in Jilin Province, China. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 431 295 inpatients were enrolled through a cross-sectional study in Jilin Province, China. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The complex relationships of multimorbidity were presented as weighted networks. RESULTS: The distributions of the numbers of diseases differed significantly by sex, age and hospitalisation duration (p<0.001). Cerebrovascular diseases (CD), hypertensive diseases (HyD), ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) and other forms of heart disease (OFHD) showed the highest weights in the multimorbidity networks. The connections between different sexes or hospitalisation duration and diseases were similar, while those between different age groups and diseases were different. CONCLUSIONS: CD, HyD, IHD and OFHD were the central points of disease clusters and directly or indirectly related to other diseases or factors. Thus, effective interventions for these diseases should be adopted. Furthermore, different intervention strategies should be developed according to multimorbidity patterns in different age groups.

Prevalence and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Medical Staff in Northeast China.

BACKGROUND: The clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors has become a major public health challenge worldwide. Although many studies have investigated CVD risk factor clusters, little is known about their prevalence and clustering among medical staff in Northeast China. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors and to investigate the association between relevant characteristics and the clustering of CVD risk factors among medical staff in Northeast China. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 3720 medical staff from 93 public hospitals in Jilin Province was used in this study. Categorical variables were presented as percentages and were compared using the χ2 test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between relevant characteristics and the clustering of CVD risk factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, being overweight, smoking, and drinking were 10.54%, 3.79%, 17.15%, 39.84%, 9.87%, and 21.75%, respectively. Working in a general hospital, male, and age group 18-44 years were more likely to have 1, 2, and ≥3 CVD risk factors, compared with their counterparts. In particular, compared with being a doctor, being a nurse or medical technician was less likely to have 1, 2, and ≥3 CVD risk factors only in general hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that medical staff of general hospitals, males, and older individuals have a high chance associated with CVD risk factor clustering and that more effective interventions should be undertaken to reduce the prevalence and clustering of CVD risk factors, especially among older male doctors who work in general hospitals.

A New Perspective for Improving the Human Resource Development of Primary Medical and Health Care Institutions: A Structural Equation Model Study.

In some countries, including China, primary health care is rarely utilized because of medical personnel shortages at primary medical and health care institutions (PMHCIs). Several studies suggest that the most effective solution is to guide qualified doctors and medical graduates to work in PMHCIs, but the studies and measures have been formulated only from the perspective of the government and PMHCIs; few have considered the subjective willingness of medical personnel. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the measures to develop human resources of PMHCIs from the guiding object. This research was divided into two parts based on implicit theory and a lexical approach. The first part collected the factors affecting their choosing PMHCIs for employment, and the second part used exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the dimensions and paths of the influencing factors. At last, seven factors were obtained from the EFA, and the SEM hypothesis fit the data well. Internal Organization Development, Patient Factor, Remuneration and Development, and Family Support had a significantly positive effect on the Sense of Gain of medical personnel seeking employment at PMHCIs, whereas both Job Responsibilities and Condition of the City Where the PMHCI Is Located had no significant effect. In addition, the indirect effects of Internal Organization Development and Condition of the City Where the PMHCI Is Located on the Sense of Gain were significant. The Patient Factor, Family Support, and Remuneration and Development significantly mediated the relationship between the internal and external environment of the institution and the Sense of Gain, whereas the mediating effect of Job Responsibilities was not significant. The improvement of family support, remuneration and development, and patient factors increase the willingness of medical personnel to seek employment at PMHCIs. In addition, the internal and external environments of a PMHCI play a vital role in guiding medical personnel to PMHCIs for employment. This research provides theoretical support for improving the development of human resources, guiding medical personnel to work in PMHCIs, and promoting the use of primary care services.

Nurses' Occupational Stress and Presenteeism: The Mediating Role of Public Service Motivation and the Moderating Role of Health.

Presenteeism not only poses an economic cost to organizations but also generates reduced work efficiency and quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the connections between occupational stress, public service motivation (PSM), health, and presenteeism. A total of 981 nurses from 109 public hospitals in Jilin Province in China were enrolled in our study. Model 5 in the PROCESS micro was employed in order to verify the mediating effect of PSM and the moderating effect of nurses' health on the relationship between occupational stress and presenteeism, and simple slope analysis was used to further determine the moderating effect. Both challenge stress and hindrance stress had a positive impact on presenteeism among nurses. PSM is a mediating variable between occupational stress and presenteeism. Health moderates the path between challenge stress and presenteeism, with the association being significant for nurses with low levels of health. Future policy making should focus on preventing presenteeism by reducing excessive stress, enhancing PSM, and improving nurse health and wellness.

Total Health Expenditure and Its Driving Factors in China: A Gray Theory Analysis.

The continuous growth in total health expenditure (THE) has become a social issue of common concern in most countries. In China, the total health expenditure (THE) is maintaining a rapid growth trend that is higher than that of the economy, which has become increasingly obvious in the 21st century and has brought a heavy burden to the government and residents. To analyze the main driving factors of THE in China in the 21st century and establish a predictive model, gray system theory was employed to explore the correlation degree between THE and nine hot topics in the areas of the economy, population, health service utilization, and policy using national data from 2000 to 2018. Additionally, a New Structure of the Multivariate Gray Prediction Model of THE was established and compared with the traditional grey model and widely used BP neural network to evaluate the prediction effectiveness of the model. We concluded that the Chinese government and society have played a crucial role in reducing residents' medical burden. Besides this, the improved economy and aging population have increased the demand for health services, leading to the continual increase in THE. Lastly, the improved NSGM(1,N) model achieved good prediction accuracy and has unique advantages in simulating and predicting THE, which can provide a basis for policy formulation.

Effect of public hospital managers' risk and gain perception on their attitude towards physician dual practice: a cross-national study in 31 provinces of China.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the effect of public hospital managers' risk and gain perception on their attitude towards physician dual practice (PDP). METHODS: A cross-sectional study enrolling 1513 managers from public hospitals in the East, Middle and West of China was conducted. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) were used to identify the determinants of managers' support for PDP. RESULTS: The rate of managers' support for allowing PDP or implementing PDP with restriction, was 94.3% (95% CI: 0.93, 0.95). The mean score of managers' risk perception was 67.7 ± 14.46, and the mean score of managers' gain perception was 24.0 ± 5.56. After controlling for individual and institutional characteristics, the GLMM presented the score for risk perception increased 1 score and the rate of managers' support for PDP decreased by 5% (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.97); while the score for gain perception increased 1 score and the rate of managers' support increased by 18% (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that the majority of Chinese public hospital managers are in favor of allowing or implementing PDP with restrictions. Although gain perception is comparatively weaker than risk perception, a stronger influence in determining public hospital managers' support for PDP is demonstrated.

Multimorbidity Analysis of 13 Systemic Diseases in Northeast China.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity not only affects the quality of patients' lives, but can also bring a heavy economic burden to individuals, families and society. The purpose of this study was to reveal the connections between diseases, especially the important role each disease played in the entire multimorbidity network. METHODS: A total of 1,155,734 inpatients were enrolled through multistage stratified random sampling in Jilin Province in 2017. Categorical variables were compared using the Rao-Scott-χ2 test. Weighted networks were adopted to present the complex relationships of multimorbidity. RESULTS: The distributions of the number of diseases differed significantly by gender, age and health insurance scheme (P < 0.001). Diseases of the respiratory system had the highest weight in multimorbidity in young people. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and circulatory system diseases were often associated with other systemic diseases in middle aged and old people. CONCLUSIONS: Multimorbidity with respiratory system diseases in young people should not be overlooked. Additionally, effective prevention efforts that target endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and circulatory system diseases are needed in middle aged and old people.

Electrochemical Oxidation of Para-Aminophenol With Rare Earth Doped Lead Dioxide Electrodes: Kinetics Modeling and Mechanism.

In this study, La and Ce doped PbO2 electrodes were prepared and the characteristic of the electrodes were discussed with the help of structure analysis. The catalytic effects of the doped electrodes were explored through the degradation of para-aminophenol wastewater. The results showed that the para-aminophenol removal was 96.96%, 89.34%, and 77.55% after 180 min treatment with Ce-PbO2, La-PbO2, and PbO2, respectively. The para-aminophenol enhanced degradation mechanism was discussed with rare earth element doping electrodes and a kinetic model was established based on radical reactions mechanism with genetic algorithm (GA) calculation. The reaction constants of these electrodes were calculated and the results showed that the reaction constant of Ce-PbO2 electrode was the highest, which indicated that Ce-PbO2 electrode could have a better treatment effect. The EE/O was used as the index of energy consumption efficiency and the results were calculated and compared. This paper could provide basic data and technique reference of the prediction the oxidation reaction process of different electrodes for the electrochemical oxidation application in wastewater treatment.