ABSTRACT
An NiMo alloy bonded with sulfur (NiMoS) exhibits enhanced surface affinity toward water and organic molecules, thereby enhancing electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) reactions through synergistic effects. In industrial processes, indigo, an ancient dye employed in the denim industry, is typically chemically reduced using sodium dithionite. However, this process generates an excess of toxic sulfide, which heavily contaminates the environment. ECH is a sustainable alternative for indigo reduction due to its reduced reliance on chemicals and energy consumption. In this study, carbon-felt (CF)-supported NiMoS was synthesized in a two-step process. First, the NiMo alloy was electrodeposited onto the CF surface, followed by sulfidation in an oven at 600 °C. NiMoS exhibits a larger electrochemically active surface area and a smaller charge transfer resistance compared to pure Ni and NiMo. Furthermore, NiMoS demonstrates excellent thermodynamic and kinetic properties for water splitting in strong alkaline solutions (1.0 M KOH). Additionally, optimal reaction conditions for the ECH of indigo were explored. Under the conditions of a 1.0 M KOH hydroxide medium with 10% methanol (v/v), an indigo concentration of 5 g L-1, a reaction temperature of 70 °C, and a current density of 10 mA cm-2, NiMoS/CF achieved remarkable improvements in both conversion (99.2%) and Faraday efficiency (38.1%). The results of this experimental work offer valuable insights into the design and application of novel catalytic materials for the ECH of vat dyes, opening up new possibilities for sustainable and environmentally friendly processes in the dye industry.
ABSTRACT
Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the most important mariculture fish in China. In the past decades, cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocryon irritans has led to huge economic losses, posing great threat to the healthy and sustainable development of L. crocea mariculture industry. As the largest immunologically active mucosal organ in fish, skin provides the first defense line against external pathogens. To better understand the gene expression dynamics, the large yellow croakers were artificially infected with C. irritans and their skin tissues were collected at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post infection. The total RNA in the skin tissues were extracted and the transcriptome were sequenced. After sequencing, a total of 1,131, 311, 140 million high quality RNA-seq reads were collected. A set of 215, 473, 968, 1055 differentially expressed genes were identified at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h post infection respectively. Further analysis clustered these DEGs into six profiles and 75 hub genes for six profiles were identified. Among these hub genes, 18 immune related genes including TLR5, TOPK, NFKBIZ, MAPK14A were identified post C. irritans infection. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the only pathway that significantly enriched at four timepoints post infection. This study provides an in-depth understanding of skin transcriptome variance of large yellow croaker after C. irritans infection, which would be helpful for further understanding of the molecular mechanism of L. crocea in response to C. irritans infection.
