Research progress of artificial intelligence technology in the field of optometry / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#In recent years, with the continuous improvement of computer science and technology, artificial intelligence(AI)technology based on deep learning(DL)has developed rapidly and attracted wide attention all over the world. Great progress has been made in the research and application of AI in the medical field. In the field of optometry, AI can assist the diagnosis of myopia, strabismus, amblyopia and other diseases, and has achieved good results in the screening and early diagnosis of keratoconus as well as in the prevention and correction of myopia. Nevertheless, there are some limitations and great challenges in the application of AI in optometry, including clinical and technical challenges, interpretability of algorithmic results, medical legal issues and so on. This paper reviews the application, limitation and prospect of AI in the field of optometry.

The content of linoleic acid in grape must influences the aromatic effect of branched-chain amino acids addition on red wine.

The effect of adding amino acids on wine aroma is largely influenced by nutritional status of grape must. In this study, the effects of linoleic acid (LA) content on the aromatic function of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) addition were investigated in alcoholic fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon wine. The results showed that initial LA content in must significantly influenced the effect of BCAAs addition on volatiles in final wine. Adding BCAAs (140 mg/L of l-leucine, 117 mg/L of l-isoleucine and 118 mg/L of l-valine) in must with low LA content (12 mg/L) promoted the production of most volatiles, including higher alcohols (isobutanol, 2-phenylethanol), fatty acids (hexanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid) and esters (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, 2-phenethyl acetate and ethyl octanoate), which were well consistent with previous literatures. However, this function disappeared or even became inhibition with increasing LA content in must, especially in 120 mg/L LA must, the total contents of higher alcohol, acetate esters and ethyl esters were 33.9%, 18.1% and 54.2% lower than those in the control without BCAAs addition, respectively. The transcriptional data revealed that several major genes including GAP1, ADH1, ATF1, ACC1, FAS1 and OLE1 were marked repressed by high LA content. Our data indicated that LA can regulate the expressions of related functional genes to efficiently influence the formations of volatiles in BCAAs supplemented wines. Therefore, it is essential to consider initial content of unsaturated fatty acids (LA) in must when using the strategy that supplying amino acids (BCAAs) to modulate aromatic quality of wines.

Comparison of transcriptional expression patterns of carotenoid metabolism in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes from two regions with distinct climate.

The downstream flux of carotenoid metabolism in grape berries includes the biosynthesis of norisoprenoids, a group of important aroma compounds, and the production of ABA, a well-known plant hormone. This study focused on the transcriptional profiling comparison of genes participating in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, norisoprenoids, and ABA in Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes at pea size, veraison, and ripening stages. The grapes were obtained from Changli (CL, eastern China) and Gaotai (GT, western China) regions and analyzed using RNA-sequencing technology. The transcripts required for the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway showed a coordinated expression pattern, mainly expressing at green stage for CL and at veraison for GT, respectively. However, the carotenoid content evolution was not coincident with the timing and pattern of related gene expressions, since more carotenoids were accumulated at veraison in CL relative to two weeks before veraison in GT. Interestingly, norisoprenoid content was higher in GT than in CL, particularly at veraison and ripening, while the key gene encoding carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases, VvCCD1, showed an inverse relationship within the two regions. Higher flux was expected through the carotenoid pathway into ABA production in GT, based on the higher expression level of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and drought growing conditions. Most components involved in ABA and ethylene signaling showed distinct expression profiles in the two regions. These results revealed that downstream flux of carotenoid metabolism in grape berries showed regional differences. This study lays a foundation for future research to explore the molecular basis of climatic influences on carotenoid, norisoprenoid, and ABA biosynthesis.

Varietal Dependence of GLVs Accumulation and LOX-HPL Pathway Gene Expression in Four Vitis vinifera Wine Grapes.

Variety is one of the major factors influencing grape and wine aromatic characteristics. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), derived from lipoxygenase-hydroperoxides lyase (LOX-HPL) pathway, are important components for the aromatic quality of grapes and wines. However, the varietal difference regarding GLVs accumulation and related gene expression are poorly studied. This work exhibited that the accumulation of various GLVs and the expression of LOX-HPL pathway genes in four Vitis vinifera wine grape cultivars: Syrah, Muscat Tchervine, Gewürztraminer and Chardonnay. The results showed a variety dependence of GLVs profile. Muscat Tchervine harvested grapes contained less C6 aldehydes and the most abundant esters, which corresponded to very low VvLOXA and VvHPL1 expression abundance as well as high VvAAT transcript in this variety. High expression level of both VvLOXA and VvHPL1 paralleled with higher level of C6 aldehydes together with higher alcohols in Syrah grape. Gewürztraminer and Chardonnay grapes had high aldehydes and alcohols as well as low esters, which were resulted from their higher expression level of VvLOXA or VvHPL1 and lower VvAAT. From these above corresponding relations, it is concluded that VvLOXA, VvHPL1 and VvAAT in the LOX-HPL pathway are targets for altering GLVs composition in the grape varieties.

Molecular and biochemical characterization of the UDP-glucose: Anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase from Vitis amurensis.

Generally, red Vitis vinifera grapes only contain monoglucosidic anthocyanins, whereas most non-vinifera red grapes of the Vitis genus have both monoglucosidic and bis-glucosidic anthocyanins, the latter of which are believed to be more hydrophilic and more stable. Although previous studies have established the biosynthetic mechanism for formation of monoglucosidic anthocyanins, less attention has been paid to that of bis-glucosidic anthocyanins. In the present research, the full-length cDNA of UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase from Vitis amurensis Rupr. cv. 'Zuoshanyi' grape (Va5GT) was cloned. After acquisition and purification of recombinant Va5GT, its enzymatic parameters were systematically analyzed in vitro. Recombinant Va5GT used malvidin-3-O-glucoside as its optimum glycosidic acceptor when UDP-glucose was used as the glycosidic donor. Va5GT-GFP was found to be located in the cytoplasm by analyzing its subcellular localization with a laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope, and this result was coincident with its metabolic function of modifying anthocyanins in grape cells. Furthermore, the relationship between the transcriptional expression of Va5GT and the accumulation of anthocyanidin bis-glucosides during berry development suggested that Va5GT is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of bis-glucosidic anthocyanins in V. amurensis grape berries.