Antioxidant activity and effective compounds of immature calamondin peel.

The antioxidant activity and the flavonoids of mature and immature calamondin (Citrus mitis Blanco) peel were investigated. The hot water extract of immature calamondin peel exhibited the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, and superoxide scavenging effect. 3',5'-Di-C-ß-glucopyranosylphloretin, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin are the five major flavonoids found in hot water extract with the levels of 6888±522, 2333±157, 1350±94, 165±13, and 8±4 mg/100 g dry basis, respectively. The contents of nobiletin and tangeretin increased after ripening. The hot water extract of immature calamondin peel was fractionated using a semi-preparative HPLC. Fraction VI showed the highest ORAC value (28.02±2.73 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g fraction) and two compounds, naringin and hesperidin, were identified as the major active components attributed to the antioxidant activity. Fraction V contained 3',5'-di-C-ß-glucopyranosylphloretin, which revealed low ORAC value with 7.43 mmol TE/g fraction. However, it might also contribute to antioxidant activity in immature calamondin peel due to its greatest quantity.

Tyrosinase inhibitory components of immature calamondin peel.

There is broad range of applications in the use of tyrosinase inhibitors for suppressing unwanted hyperpigmentation in human skin and enzymic browning in fruits. In searching effective tyrosinase inhibitors from natural products, the components in unripe calamondin (Citrus mitis Blanco) peel were investigated by performing bioassay-directed fractionation and chromatographic separation coupled with tyrosinase inhibition assay. Herein it is reported for the first time that (1) there is a rich content of 3',5'-di-C-ß-glucopyranosylphloretin in unripe calamondin peel, 3.69±0.44g/100g dry basis, (2) this C-glycosylated flavonoid showed the strongest inhibitory activity against tyrosinase among the components in this fruit, with an IC(50) of 0.87mg/ml, and (3) that unripe calamondin peel is also a rich source of naringin and hesperidin, 1.25% and 0.73% by dry weight, respectively, which also expressed strong tyrosinase inhibitory property.

Lymphatic targeting study of pingyangmycin-activated carbon nanoparticles treating oral cancer lymph node metastasis / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the drug distribution in tissues of cervical lymph node metastasis mice model after submucosa adjacent cancer injection of pingyangmycin-activated carbon nanoparticles (PYM-CH-NP) and evaluate the lymph targeting effect of PYM-CH-NP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Pingyangmycin (PYM) was radiolabeled with 125I by modified the chloramine T method. Cervical lymph node metastasis mice model was established by buccal submucosa inoculation of a high lymph metastasis cell line U14 cancer cell. 360 mice models burdened with cervical lymph metastasis were randomly divided into 3 groups. PYM group was treated with PYM water solution, PYM-CH-NP group was treated with PYM-CH-NP. Negative control group was injected with activated carbon nanoparticles. PYM-CH-NP and pingyangmycin water solution were injected in pericancer submucosa of the mice respectively. The radioactivity of drug in blood, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and cervical lymph node were measured after 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h administration. The radioactivity of each samples per unit weight were calculated. The selectivity index (SI) and targeting index (TI) of drug were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The radioactivity of drug in cervical lymph node of PYM-CH-NP group was much higher than PYM group in each time point (P < 0.001), whereas the blood, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney uptake of pingyangmycin was greatly decreased in PYM-CH-NP group after 4 h administration (P < 0.001). The SI value of PYM group at each time point was less than 1. While the minimum SI and TI value of PYM-CH-NP was 1.793 and 1.562, the maximum value reached to 68.126 and 14.623 after 72 h administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PYM-CH-NP can increase drug dosage in metastasized cervical lymph nodes, and decrease drug dosage of other organs. So better therapeutic outcome and little adverse reaction may be achieved for lymph node metastasis.</p>

Management of sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinal infection following median sternotomy / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Median sternotomy is considered the most usually performed procedure in cardiac operations. This study aimed to assess clinical effectiveness of bilateral pectoralis major muscle flaps (BPMMF) for management of sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinal infection following median sternotomy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data were collected and retrospectively analyzed from twelve patients who underwent the BPMMF transposition for management of sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinal infection following median sternotomy from January 2006 to June 2009. Procedure consisted of rigorous debridement of necrotic tissues, dead space obliteration using the BPMMF, and placement of drainage tubes connected to a negative pressures generator for adequate drainage.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No patients died of drainage, and all 12 patients had viable BPMMF when discharged from hospital. At 1 week post discharge, 2 patients presented with sternal infection but recovered following local debridement and medication. No patients showed infection recurrence during the follow-up period over 10 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Sternal osteomyelitis and mediastinal infection following median sternotomy may be effectively managed through rigorous debridement of infected soft tissues, resection of the damaged sternal segment, transposition of the BPMMF to fill the damaged sternum resulting from debridement, and adequate postoperative drainage.</p>

Anticancer effects of Pingyangmycin-activated carbon nanoparticles against human oral squamous carcinoma Tca8113 and BcaCD885 cell lines in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The cytotoxic effects of a new formulation of Pingyangmycin-activated carbon nanoparticles (PYM-CH-NP) on two human oral squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 and BcaCD885 cell lines were studied in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The inhibitory effects of PYM-CH-NP and Pingyangmycin (PYM) were evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay at 1-7 days. The 50% inhibition concentration values (IC50) and relative antitumor activity (RAA) of PYM-CH-NP and PYM against Tca8113 and BcaCD885 with different drug concentration were evaluated. The time-dependent cytotoxic effects of PYM-CH-NP and PYM were during 1-5 days, so the doseeffect relationship was investigated at 5th day.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both PYM-CH-NP and PYM had high anticancer effects on Tca8113 and BcaCD885, and the cytotoxic effects were dose-dependent and time-dependent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The activated carbon nanoparticles (CH-NP) may serve as a new drug delivery carrier of PYM. The new formulation PYM-CH-NP could slow down drug release, prolonged the drug concentration and its acting time, so more effective anticancer efficacy could be achieved.</p>

Enhancement of the encapsulation and transmembrane permeation of isoflavone-containing red clover extracts in phospholipid-based microemulsions using different extraction processes.

Several isoflavone-enriched red clover extracts (RCE) prepared by using solid- or liquid-phase extraction or a combination of both were studied for their encapsulation into a phospholipid-based microemulsion system. The optimization process with regard to the bioactive ingredient-encapsulated amounts and transmembrane efficiency of various RCE micelles was demonstrated. The results indicated that the encapsulated amounts of isoflavones in RCE-encapsulated microemulsions (ME) of ME-RC5, ME-RC6, and ME-RC7 were increased by >10-fold when compared with that of the raw red clover extracts. Comparison of the permeability coefficient K(p) of the formononetin among the ME-RCs from the in vitro skin permeation study showed that ME-RC5 significantly exhibited the least permeability, whereas ME-RC6 exhibited enhanced permeability after two-stage solid-phase extraction, indicating the potential role of the matrix material as a barrier or enhancer in the transmembrane study.

Clinical analysis of 192 cases of nosocomial pneumonia induced by acute stroke / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the bacteriological distribution of nosocomial pneumonia induced by acute stroke, and to improve the preventative and therapeutic measures. Methods The clinical data of 192 patients with nosocomial pneumonia induced by acute stroke were analyzed respectively. Results Among the 192 cases, 13 pathogenic microorganisms and 116 strains were cultivated, and the first 4 strains were Escherichia coli, Psendomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus aurens. Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to imipenem, and Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to vancomycin. Conclusion The main pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia in acute stroke patients may be Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The measures improving the therapeutic outcome of acute stroke include the enhancement of nursing quality, prevention of cross infection in hospital, increasing predictability of the occurrence of pneumonia induced by acute stroke, and the control of pneumonia.

Study of increased sensitivity on Tca8113 cell line to cisplatin by nm23-H1 in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the mechanism of sensitivity variation to cisplatin caused by nm23-H1.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The samles was divided into two groups: Tca8113 group and Tca8113/nm23-H1 group. Using MTT and flow cytometer, the changes of cell mortality rate, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected. By VG PQ Excell, the changes of the intracellular platinum were detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In vitro the cell mortality rate and apoptosis were increased in Tca8113/nm23-H1 group, comparing with Tea8113 group. Mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in Tca8113/nm23-H1 group. The intracellular platinum was increased significantly in Tca8113/nm23-H1 group. This effect could be inhibited by oubain which was an inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>nm23-H1 can increase the sensitivity of cisplatin on Tca8113 cell line. The mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased by nm23-H1 so that intracellular platinum was increased and finally increased the apoptosis or necrosis.</p>

Correlation between the expression of thrombospondin-1 and neovascularization in mucoepidermoid carcinoma / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Researchers have recently demonstrated that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has an important function in regulating neovascularization. Whether it inhibits or accelerates neovascularization, however, is still controversial. We found few reports about the correlation between TSP-1 and vascularization in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. In this research, the distribution and expression of TSP-1 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma were investigated. We also analyzed (1) the correlation between the expression of TSP-1 and microvessel density (MVD), as an indicator of neovascularization activity, and (2) the effect of TSP-1 on neovascularization and tumor growth in the subcutaneous xenotransplanted model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>(1) The sites and intensity of expression of TSP-1 and the MVD were analyzed in 45 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma after surgery by the method of streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemistry; and (2) recombinant human thrombospondin-1 (rhTSP-1) was injected twice a week for five consecutive weeks around the tumor in the subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in nude mice. Each week, the tumor size was measured, in order to draw the growth curve of the xenotransplanted tumor model of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and MVD was measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The positive expression of TSP-1 protein was 57.78% (26/45). Most positive staining for TSP-1 was found in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells, while some staining occurred in the extracellular matrix. The mean MVD in 45 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma was 58.17 +/- 19.77 per 100 visual fields. Tumors with a high expression of TSP-1 showed a low MVD value, and the TSP-1 immunocompetence and microvessel density showed a significant negative correlation (r(s) = -0.947, P < 0.001). (2) The xenotransplanted tumors with the injection doses of 1.25, 0.75 and 0.25 microg/ml respectively were 36.97%, 53.36% and 73.61% of the size of the control group ((451 +/- 92), (651 +/- 113), (898 +/- 86) and (1220 +/- 157) mm(3) respectively, F = 53.167, P < 0.001), and their weights were respectively 35.14%, 51.35% and 70.27% of the control group ((1.3 +/- 0.5), (1.9 +/- 0.5), (2.6 +/- 0.3), and (3.7 +/- 0.7) g respectively, F = 62.669, P < 0.001). Their MVDs were 25.00%, 45.93%, and 72.20% respectively of the control group and concentration dependent (15.43 +/- 3.45, 28.35 +/- 4.24, 44.57 +/- 3.35 and 61.73 +/- 5.43 per 100 visual fields respectively, F = 54.582, P < 0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The TSP-1 has a higher expression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the expression has a significant negative correlation with neovascularization. The TSP-1 inhibits neovascularization and tumor growth, and it might be a new biological therapy for treatment of patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma.</p>

Effect on induction of differentiation of Tca8113 cells affected by abscisic acid in vitro / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To approach the effects on induction of differentiation of Tca8113 cells affected by abscisic acid.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The changes of surface differentiation markers, cell configuration, restrain of cell growth and the expression of Caspase-3 mRNA were examined by using inverted-phase contrast microscope, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization in vitro. The dependablity between the surface differentiation markers and Caspase-3 mRNA was analysed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The restraint of cell growth in ABA groups was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). There was a trend that the tumor cell had transformed the normal cell. Furthermore, the time-dosage dependent relationship existed in the inhibition rate of tumor cells. The results showed that the expressions of Involucrin protein, retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) and Caspase-3 mRNA in experimental group had been higher than that of control group. There was a significance between the different concentration experimental groups at 24 h (P<0.05). Moreover, the positive correlation existed among the Involucrin, RARbeta and Caspase-3 mRNA at the time of 12 hour and 24 hour (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The possible mechanism is that abscisic acid acted on the tumor cell and raised the level of RARbeta gene through combining the correlative receptors so that increased the expression of Involucrin protein and promoted the activity of Caspase-3 and resulted in apoptosis of tumor cell.</p>

Analyses of differential expression of Homeobox genes between lingual squamaous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the differently expressed Homeobox genes between lingual squmaous cell carcinoma and normal mucosa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seven paired specimens including lingual squmaous cell carcinoma and its surrounding normal tissue were obtained from 7 patients. Customized Oligo microarray which contains numerous probes of 232 human Homeobox genes was used to analyse the results. All datas were scanned by Agilent scanner and differentiately expressed genes were sorted out.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Homeobox gene NANOG was found up-regulated in 5 samples. PHTF2 was found down-regulated in 7 samples, and CRX, PITX1, OTEX was found down-regulated in 5 samples.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As the key gene to cellular proliferation and differentiation, Homeobox genes is closely releverant to the oncogenesis of lingual squmaous cell carcinoma.</p>

Proteomics study of the serum biomarkers in tongue cancer / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To search for specific serum biomarkers associated with tongue cancer by means of the serum proteomics technology.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The tongue cancer cells of human tongue cancer cell line Tca8113 were subcutaneously inoculated into nude mice, while control nude mice were injected with phosphate-buffered saline. Serums from these two group of mice were collected for proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing the serum 2-DE maps from the tumor-bearing mice with those produced from control mice, we found that squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 was over expressed only in the serum of tumor-bearing mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 may be of great potential as the biomarker of tongue cancer and as the potential therapeutic target for gene therapy.</p>

Cancer stem cells: its existence, proliferation and differentiation in an adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the evidences of the presence of tumor stem cells and its impact on the tumorigenesis of adenoid cystic carcinoma cell (ACC)-2 cell line by analyzing the biologic characteristics of different sub-clones of adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In vitro individual cell culture was employed to observe the proliferating character of ACC-2 cells. The expression of CD44(+) and CD24(-) of ACC-2 cells were investigated by immunohistochemical. Immunomagnetic isolation of different phenotype of ACC-2 cells, followed by cell culture, was used to study the proliferating abilities of different clusters of the cell line. The hetero-transplanted tumor mold was established using BALB/C nude mice by subcutaneous injection of tumor cells. The tumorigenic and differentiating properties of the different cluster were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Only 4.41% of cultured ACC-2 cell had ability of division, proliferation and establishment of cell clone. CD44(+)-CD24(-) cluster accounted for about 8.1% of total ACC-2 cells, among which, 25.71% cells could divide and proliferate. All of CD44 and CD44(+)-CD24(+) cells were failure to be eternal alive in the condition of in vitro individual cell culture. According to the results of in vivo tumorigenic study, the minimal cell quantity to develop a subcutaneous transplanted tumor by CD44(+)-CD24(-) cells was 1 x 10(3), where as the needed cell amount were 1 x 10(5) and 1 x 10(4) as to non-isolated ACC-2 cells and CD44(+) cells, respectively. The CD44(-) and CD44(+)-CD24(+) did not develop transplanted tumors. CD44(+)-CD24(-) ACC-2 cell could differentiate into cells of other phenotypes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CD44(+)-CD24(-) ACC-2 cells consist of a very small portion of all ACC-2 cells (about 4%). They have remarkable proliferating ability and can bear special phenotypes, The tumorogenic ability of CD44(+)-CD24(-) cells are stronger than that of CD44(+) and non-isolated ACC-2 cells. Eliminating of this cluster from ACC-2 would actually deprive the tumorogenic ability of the cell line.</p>

A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 30 cases of sublingual gland malignant tumors / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the clinical and histological features and therapeutic efficacy of 30 cases of malignant sublingual salivary gland tumors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinicopathologic data of 30 patients with malignant sublingual salivary gland tumor were obtained from West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University from 1955 to 2005.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 18 male and 12 female, and the average age of patients was 50.6 years old. Seventeen cases were adenoid cystic carcinoma, accounting for 56.7%. There were 17 cases clinically staged as III, accounting for 56.7%. Distant metastasis and tumor recurrence were the main death reasons. The overall local recurrence rate was 30.0%, and distant metastasis rate was 26.7%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sublingual gland malignant tumors are rare and most of them are adenoid cystic carcinoma. Surgery is the main treatment option. The resection of the tumor accompanying with the neck dissection is the key method to achieve good therapeutic effect. The postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be adjuvant.</p>

Experimental studies on ectopic osteogenesis by seeding human mesenchymal stem cell on human natural bone derived scaffold materials / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the ectopic osteogenesis potential of human natural bone derived material combined with human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cell-scaffold complexes were implanted subcutaneously into the left back of the nude mice, and human natural bone derived material were implanted into the right back as control group. The mice were killed respectively on the postoperative 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The macroscopic, histopathological, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay methods were performed to assess the ectopic osteogenesis potential.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cartilaginous osteogenesis were observed in both deproteinated bone and decalcified bone, and the more new bone tissue formed gradually as the time went by after implantation. ALP activity become stronger followed with the time (P < 0.05), and compared with the decalcified bone, deproteinated bone displayed stronger ALP activity (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The MSCs and human natural bone derived material can be used as good seed cells and scaffold materials respectively to construct tissue-engineered bone, and as the scaffold material, deproteinated bone has better osteogenesis ability than decalcifed bone.</p>

Effect on xenograft of nude mouse by combination therapy of nm23-H1 and protein-cisplatin / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of protein-cisplatin and nm23-H1 therapy on the tumor of nude mouse.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The 15 BALB/C female mice were divided into three groups, control group, protein-cisplatin group and protein-cisplatin+nm23-H1 plasmid group. Tca8113 were injected into the mice subcutaneously with the concentration of 3.1 x 10(6) cells/mL. After two weeks, the mixture of lipofectin and nm23-H1 was injected around xenograft of nude mouse. After three days, the protein-cisplatin was injected around xenograft. The weight of mouse, the volume and the weight of xenograft were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The weight of mouse was lightest in control group. The volume and weight of the transplanted tumor were lightest in nm23-H1 +protein-cisplatin group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The combination therapy of nm23-H1 and protein-cisplatin can effectively inhibites the growth of xenograft in nude mouse.</p>

Feasibility of cationic lipid mediated nm23-h1 plasmid transfecting adnoid cystic carcinoma in vivo / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the feasibility of plasmid nm23-h1 transfection on high metastatic potential adnoid cystic carcinoma (ACC-M) cell line mediated by cationic lipid.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>ACC-M cell were implanted in the maxillofacial region in each of 40 BALB/c nude mice. After the tumor growth to 1 cm in diameter, 0.1 ml Lipofctamine-nm23-hl plasmid complex were injected intratumorally in 10 mice, 3 days after the first injection, 10 mices injected for twice, 10 mice as plamid-blank control, another 10 mice were injected 0.2 ml complex, 2, 3, 7days after the injection, the mice were killed and the specimen for HE and immunohistological chemistry study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>nm23-h1 expression initiated in the tumor cells 3 days after the complex injection, 7 days later, the expression level increased accompanying with extracellular matrix increase, twice injection and multiple channel injection would gain better nm23-h1 expression than once injection and single-channel injection respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Cationic lipid mediated nm23-h1 plamid transfecting adnoid cystic carcinoma can gain small range positive expression, but the results give little prospect for further clinical treatment in such a manner.</p>

The changes of bacteria group on oral mucosa after radiotherapy of postoperative patients of oral carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the microbial contents presented on the surface of mucosa in the oral cavity of patients who accepted radiotherapy, and to provide the evidences of controlling post-radiotherapeutic infections.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>32 patients (19 males and 13 females) aged from 37 - 72 received radiotherapy after oral squamous cell carcinomas operation were selected. Samples of saliva were obtained from the radiated center and opposite mucosa before and after radiotherapy. The detective amount, detective ratio and constituent ratio were analysed by cultivation and identification.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Streptococci, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly increased on both sides of the oral mucosa while Neisseria and Actinobacillus decreased on radiated region after the radiotherapy.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Radiotherapy has great effects on oral bacteria and pathogenic organism may play a role in post-radiotherapy infections. It is necessary to do bacteria culture and choose sensitive antibiotics regularly for post-radiotherapeutic patients.</p>

An experirmental study on the preparation and drug sustained release characteristics of Pingyangmycin Albumin Microspheres / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to prepare Pingyangmycin Albumin Microspheres (PYM-AMS) for arteriovenous malformations treatment.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PYM-AMS was prepared at 140 degrees C by the method of emulsification-heat solidification and its characteristics were evaluated, such as morphosis, particle size, drug loading (DL%), encapsulation efficiency (EE%), stability and drug sustained-releasing in vitro. After being packaged, PYM-AMS were sterilized with 13.7 kGy of 60Co. Small samples of PYM-AMS were packaged in small bottles and stored at 3 - 5 degrees C, 15 - 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C for 3 months, then checked the change of morphology, DL, EE and the release rate.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The surface of particles was smooth and integrated. The average diameter of PYM-AMS particles was 139.422 microm and 80% was in the range of 56 - 251 microm. The mean DL% and EE% were 26.47% and 84.3%, respectively. PYM released fast in 5 h, but then released slowly. 88.65% drugs were released in 24 h, and t50 was 1.5 h. There was no obvious change of the morphology, DL,EE and the release rate of PYM-AMS stored at 3 - 5 degrees C 15 - 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C for 3 months.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PYM-AMS prepared in this study had sustained-release effect, high drug loading and high stability. Albumin is a good carrier of PYM embolization agent.</p>

The histological research between the mode of invasion and cervical lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The relationship between the mode of tumor invasion in the tumor-host borderline and the frequency of cervical lymph node metastasis was investigated in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>200 cases with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were studied by histological method with HE stained. The mode of invasion in the tumor-host relationship was classified into five grades by Yamamoto's criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With regard to the relationship between the mode of invasion and metastasis, the more invasive the tumor tissue was, the more frequent the metastasis formed (P < 0.001). The frequency of metastasis in grades 1 and 2 was low (0 and 5.9%, respectively), The frequency of metastasis in grades 3 was moderate (14.3%), and that in grades 4c and 4d was highly rapid (63.0% and 82.9%, respectively). Single node metastases were frequent in grade 3 and grade 4c (66.7% and 58.8%, respectively), while plural node metastases were frequent in grade 4d (70.6%, P < 0.05). Moreover, the distribution of metastasized lymph nodes was focused on level 1 (41.2%) or level 1 and 2 (79.4%) in grade 4c and was dispersed from level 1 to 4 in grade 4d (P < 0.05). In the present study, the degree of differentiation did not correlate well with the frequency of metastasis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results indicate that the more invasive the tumor cells were to the host, the more frequent the metastasis formed. The different mode of invasion would accompany with different frequency of metastasis, different number and distribution of metastasized lymph nodes.</p>