Laboratório Consciencial do Erro: OportunidadeEvolutiva / Consciential Laboratory of Mistake: Evolutionary Opportunity / Laboratorio Conciencial del Error: Oportunidad Evolutiva

O presente artigo objetiva explicitar autopesquisa da autora sobre aspectos relacionadosao erro, incluindo origens, mecanismos, consequências e o círculo vicioso doerro, quando não reciclado. Apresenta uma proposta de espiral da autopesquisa doerro para oportunizar o aprendizado decorrente da autovivência. A metodologia utilizadafoi o estudo bibliográfico do tema e da autopesquisa da autora. Traz técnicasconscienciológicas para a análise, a autopesquisa e a autorretratação cosmoética doserros. Como resultados observou-se a desdramatização, a reparação e a profilaxia doserros além da higiene mental sobre deslizes passados e superação de erros evolutivos.Na conclusão, ressalta a importância de analisar as autovivências enquanto ferramentade autopesquisa, de reciclagens intraconscienciais e de aprimoramento da intencionalidadecosmoética(AU)

The present article aims at to explicit the author's self-research on aspects relatedto mistake, including origins, mechanisms, consequences and the vicious circle ofmistake, when not recycled. It presents a proposal of self-research mistake spiral toproportionate the learning due to self-experience. The used methodology was the bibliographicalstudy of the theme and the author's self-research. She brings conscientiologicaltechniques for the analysis, the self-research and the cosmoethical self-retrac -tion of mistakes. As results it was observed the removal of dramatization, therepairing and the prophylaxis of the mistakes, besides the mental hygiene on passedlapses and overcoming of evolutionary mistakes. In the conclusion, it emphasizes theimportance of analyzing self-experiences as self-research tool, intraconsciential recyclingsand improvement of cosmoethical intentionality(AU)

El presente artículo objetiva explicitar la auto-investigación de la autora sobre aspectosrelacionados al error, incluyendo orígenes, mecanismos, consecuencias y círculovicioso del error, cuando no es reciclado. Presenta una propuesta de espiral de laauto-investigación del error para oportunizar el aprendizaje proveniente de la autovivencia.La metodología utilizada fue el estudio bibliográfico del tema y de la autoinvestigaciónde la autora. Se ofrecen técnicas concienciológicas para el análisis, laauto-investigación y la auto-retractación cosmoética de los errores. Como resultado,se observó la desdramatización, la reparación y la profilaxis de los errores, más alláde la higiene mental sobre deslices pasados y la superación de errores evolutivos. Enla conclusión, se resalta la importancia de analizar las autovivencias cual herramientade auto-investigación, de reciclajes intraconcienciales y de primoreo de la intenciona -lidad cosmoética(AU)

Construção da Afetividade no Exercício do Convívio Grupal / Construction of Affectivity on the Exercise of Group Conviviality / Construcción de la Afectividad en el Ejercicio de la Convivencia Grupal

O artigo discorre sobre a afetividade e as emoções sob o enfoque da neurociênciae do paradigma consciencial objetivando o convívio grupal. O objetivo do trabalhoé apresentar elementos para promover o estudo e a construção da afetividade no exercí-cio do convívio grupal visando a interassistencialidade sadia. Foi feita revisão bibliográficasobre o tema e a experiência da autora no seu processo de autopesquisa. Foramanalisados contextos pessoais utilizando o mapa mental para autocompreensão e autoinvestigaçãointraconsciencial. O texto aborda as bases emocionais cognitivas, a autoafetividadee relaciona as imaturidades que dificultam a expressão da afetividade. A autorasugere estratégias ou posturas facilitadoras para a construção da afetividade no exercíciodo convívio grupal, finalizando com a exposição de diferentes tipos de relacionamentonos quais a pessoa convive(AU)

The article talks about the affectivity and emotions under the neuroscience focus andof consciential paradigm aiming the in-group conviviality. The objective of the work isto present elements to promote the study and the construction of the affectivity in the exerciseof the in-group conviviality seeking the healthy interassistantiality. The usedmethodology was the bibliographical revision of the theme and the author's experiencein its self-research process. Personal contexts were analyzed using the mental map forself-comprehension and intraconsciential self-investigation. The text approaches thecognitive emotional bases, the self-affectivity and it relates to the immaturities that hinderthe expression of affectivity. The author suggests strategies or facilitative posturesfor the construction of affectivity in the exercise of the in-group conviviality, concludingwith the exhibition of different types of relationship that a person lives(AU)

El artículo discurre sobre la afectividad y las emociones con enfoque en la neurocienciay el paradigma conciencial relacionados a la convivencia grupal. El objetivo delpresente trabajo es presentar elementos para promover el estudio y la construcción de laafectividad en el ejercicio de la convivencia grupal relativas a la interasistencialidadsana. La metodología usada fue la revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema y la experienciade la autora durante el proceso de autoinvestigación. Fueron analizados contextos personalesutilizando el mapa mental para la autocomprensión y autoinvestigación intraconciencial.El texto aborda la base emocional cognitiva, la autoafectividad y relaciona las inmadurecesque dificultan la expresión de la afectividad. La autora sugiere estrategiaso posturas facilitadoras para la construcción de la afectividad en el ejercicio de la convivenciagrupal, finalizando con la exposición de los diferentes tipos de relaciones con loscuales la persona convive(AU)

Regulation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis of retinoic acid-induced P19 embryonal carcinoma cells by P2X2 and P2X7 receptors studied by RNA interference.

Embryonic carcinoma cells are widely used models for studying the mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation occurring during early embryogenesis. We have now investigated how down-regulation of P2X2 and P2X7 receptor expression by RNA interference (RNAi) affects neural differentiation and phenotype specification of P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Wild-type P19 embryonal carcinoma cells or cells stably expressing shRNAs targeting P2X2 or P2X7 receptor expression were induced to differentiate into neurons and glial cells in the presence of retinoic acid. Silencing of P2X2 receptor expression along differentiation promoted cell proliferation and an increase in the percentage of cells expressing glial-specific GFAP, while the presence of beta-3 tubulin-positive cells diminished at the same time. Proliferation induction in the presence of stable anti-P2X2 receptor RNAi points at a mechanism where glial proliferation is favored over growth arrest of progenitor cells which would allow neuronal maturation. Differently from the P2X2 receptor, inhibition of P2X7 receptor expression during neural differentiation of P19 cells resulted in a decrease in cell proliferation and GFAP expression, suggesting the need of functional P2X7 receptors for the progress of gliogenesis. The results obtained in this study indicate the importance of purinergic signaling for cell fate determination during neural differentiation, with P2X2 and P2X7 receptors promoting neurogenesis and gliogenesis, respectively. The shRNAs down-regulating P2X2 or P2X7 receptor gene expression, developed during this work, present useful tools for studying mechanisms of neural differentiation in other stem cell models.

New insights into purinergic receptor signaling in neuronal differentiation, neuroprotection, and brain disorders.

Ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y purinergic receptors are expressed in the central nervous system and participate in the synaptic process particularly associated with acetylcholine, GABA, and glutamate neurotransmission. As a result of activation, the P2 receptors promote the elevation of free intracellular calcium concentration as the main signaling pathway. Purinergic signaling is present in early stages of embryogenesis and is involved in processes of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The use of new techniques such as knockout animals, in vitro models of neuronal differentiation, antisense oligonucleotides to induce downregulation of purinergic receptor gene expression, and the development of selective inhibitors for purinergic receptor subtypes contribute to the comprehension of the role of purinergic signaling during neurogenesis. In this review, we shall discuss the participation of purinergic receptors in developmental processes and in brain physiology, including neuron-glia interactions and pathophysiology.

Oral administration of S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine prevents the onset of non alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats.

AIM: To evaluate the potential of S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) in inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the effect of oral SNAC administration in the prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in an animal model. METHODS: NAFLD was induced in Wistar male rats by choline-deficient diet for 4 wk. SNAC-treated animals (n=6) (1.4 mg/kg per day of SNAC, orally) were compared to 2 control groups: one (n=6) received PBS solution and the other (n=6) received NAC solution (7 mg/kg per day). Histological variables were semiquantitated with respect to macro and microvacuolar fat changes, its zonal distribution, foci of necrosis, portal and perivenular fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltrate with zonal distribution. LOOHs from samples of liver homogenates were quantified by HPLC. Nitrate levels in plasma of portal vein were assessed by chemiluminescence. Aqueous low-density lipoprotein (LDL) suspensions (200 microg protein/mL) were incubated with CuCl(2) (300 micromol/L) in the absence and presence of SNAC (300 micromol/L) for 15 h at 37 degree Celsius. Extent of LDL oxidation was assessed by fluorimetry. Linoleic acid (LA) (18.8 micromol/L) oxidation was induced by soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) (0.056 micromol/L) at 37 degree Celsius in the presence and absence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and SNAC (56 and 560 micromol/L) and monitored at 234 nm. RESULTS: Animals in the control group developed moderate macro and microvesicular fatty changes in periportal area. SNAC-treated animals displayed only discrete histological alterations with absence of fatty changes and did not develop liver steatosis. The absence of NAFLD in the SNAC-treated group was positively correlated with a decrease in the concentration of LOOH in liver homogenate, compared to the control group (0.7+/-0.2 nmol/mg vs 3.2+/-0.4 nmol/mg protein, respectively, P<0.05), while serum levels of aminotransferases were unaltered. The ability of SNAC in preventing lipid peroxidation was confirmed in in vitro experiments using LA and LDL as model substrates. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of SNAC prevents the onset of NAFLD in Wistar rats fed with choline-deficient diet. This effect is correlated with the ability of SNAC to block the propagation of lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vitro.

Evaluation of surrogate markers for human immunodeficiency virus infection among blood donors at the blood bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, PR, Brazil.

This study evaluated the usefulness of the anti-HBc, hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), human T cell lymphotropic virus I and II antibodies (anti-HTLV I/II), serologic tests for syphilis, and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) as surrogate markers for the risk for HIV infection in 80,284 serum samples from blood donors from the Blood Bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, analyzed from July 1994 to April 2001. Among 39 blood donors with positive serology for HIV, 12 (30.8%) were anti-HBc positive, 10 (25.6%) for anti-HCV, 1 (2.6%) for anti-HTLV I/I, 1 (2.6%) was positive for syphilis, and 1 (2.6%) for HBsAg. Among the donors with negative serology for HIV, these markers were detected in 8,407 (10.5%), 441 (0.5%), 189 (0.2%), 464 (0.6%), and 473 (0.6%) samples, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) for anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Although the predictive positive values for these surrogate markers were low for HIV infection, the results confirmed the anti-HBc and anti-HCV as useful surrogate markers for HIV infection thus reinforcing the maintenance of them in the screening for blood donors contributing to the prevention of the small number of cases in which HIV is still transmitted by transfusion.

Evaluation of surrogate markers for human immunodeficiency virus infection among blood donors at the blood bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, PR, Brazil

This study evaluated the usefulness of the anti-HBc, hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV), human T cell lymphotropic virus I and II antibodies (anti-HTLV I/II), serologic tests for syphilis, and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) as surrogate markers for the risk for HIV infection in 80,284 serum samples from blood donors from the Blood Bank of "Hospital Universitário Regional Norte do Paraná", Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, analyzed from July 1994 to April 2001. Among 39 blood donors with positive serology for HIV, 12 (30.8 percent) were anti-HBc positive, 10 (25.6 percent) for anti-HCV, 1 (2.6 percent) for anti-HTLV I/I, 1 (2.6 percent) was positive for syphilis, and 1 (2.6 percent) for HBsAg. Among the donors with negative serology for HIV, these markers were detected in 8,407 (10.5 percent), 441 (0.5 percent), 189 (0.2 percent), 464 (0.6 percent), and 473 (0.6 percent) samples, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) for anti-HBc and anti-HCV. Although the predictive positive value for these surrogate markers were low for HIV infection, the results confirmed the anti-HBc and anti-HCV as useful surrogate markers for HIV infection thus reinforcing the maintenance of them in the screening for blood donors contributing to the prevention of the small number of cases in which HIV is still transmitted by transfusion