Factor analysis on serum biomarkers in patients with stage Ⅰ silicosis / 中国职业医学

@#Objective ， To investigate the role of serum chemokines and oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers in occupational （ silicosis） Methods silicosis hereinafter referred to as . A total of 58 patients with stage Ⅰ silicosis were selected as the - （ ）， research subjects using convenient sampling method. The serum levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 Nrf2 -（ - ） - （ - - ） - heme oxygenase 1 HO 1 and 8 isoprstaglandin F2α 8 iso PGF2α were determined by enzyme linked immunesorbent assay. （ ） （ - ） The serum levels of lipid peroxide LPO and total antioxidant capacity TAOC were determined by chemistry colorimetric method. - - （ - ）， Luminex flow fluorescence technology was used to detect the serum levels of interferon γ inducible protein10 IP10 macrophage （ ）- ， - - （ ） inflammatory protein MIP 1α MIP1β and macrophagederived chemokine MDC . The above indicators were analyzed by factor Results - analysis. The information extraction rate of the original indicators of the nine biomarkers was 58.5%96.5%. Four common ， ， （ ） ， factors were extracted including Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway helper T cell Th 1 dominant chemotaxis the total ， ， ， ， ， oxidation/antioxidant balance and Th2 dominant chemotaxis whose variance contribution rates were 32.2% 19.1% 16.4% ， ， Conclusion - and 11.8% respectively and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 79.5%. Both the oxidant antioxidant ， disturbance and the dominance chemotaxis are involved in the occurrence and development of silicosis and the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway plays the most critical role.

Validation and normalization of the General Health Questionnaire 30 in parents with primary school children in China.

OBJECTIVES: Parenting can be a stressful experience. Higher levels of parenting stress are predictive of parents' negative appraisal of children's behavior, the use of physical discipline, and poor child outcomes across a variety of domains. Assessment of parenting depression is needed in China. This study aims to standardize the Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) for parents of primary school children. METHOD: Stratified randomly selected parents of primary school children were selected from the cities of Nanjing and Shenyang in China. The Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire 30 was administered to 7615 parents of primary school students aged between 8 and 12 years. A high response rate was achieved, with 6672 parents (88%) responding to the survey. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis with a 5-factor solution showed that 5 factors were extracted from the scale, namely, depression, anxiety, inadequate coping, social dysfunctioning, and sleep disturbance. The 5-factor structures were confirmed by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Overall, the 5-factor structure had a high level of reliability for each individual dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the 5-factor structure abstracted from this study had a good model fit. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-factor structure derived from the present sample of parents, with good model fit in the CFA analysis, suggests that a 5-factor solution can be used to assess parent psychopathological symptoms in mainland Chinese parents of primary school children.

[Probabilistic evaluation of dietary exposure to lead and age-related exposure centile for residents in Jiangsu].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a probabilistic model for evaluation of dietary exposure to lead and construct age-related exposure centiles for the residents in Jiangsu. METHODS: Lead contamination data were obtained from the national food contamination monitoring program during 2001 - 2006 and 2791 samples from 232 food products in Jiangsu were included. Food consumption data were from the national diet and nutrition survey conducted in 2002, including 3938 subjects in Jiangsu. A non-parametric probabilistic model using Monte Carlo simulation was applied to derive the intake distribution. The intake data was then analyzed using the LMS method, which constructs exposure percentiles adjusted for the median (M), the coefficient of variation (S) and the skewness (L) of the intake distribution. RESULTS: The median and P(99) of the lead exposure for the residents in Jiangsu were 1.02 µg×kg(-1)×d(-) and 9.29 µg×kg(-1)×d(-1), respectively.6.38% of the total population showed to have a lead intake exceeding the tolerable limit, which for the urban and rural population were 4.31% and 7.06%, respectively. The exceeding rate for children of 2 - 10 years old from the urban and rural areas were 13.17% and 17.70%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was a large variation in the lead exposure level of the population in Jiangsu; People in rural areas are in greater risk for higher lead exposure than urban people; The dietary exposure to lead for children and the high-end population was serious.

[Resident dietary exposure of cadmium in Jiangsu province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the resident dietary cadmium exposure in Jiangsu province and assess its safety. METHODS: Cadmium concentration of 229 food items under 12 food groups were obtained from the food surveillance program in Jiangsu province between 2001 and 2006. Food consumption data of 778 food items of 3938 residents who were classified into four age groups (< 7, 7-, 13-, 18-) were got from the Nutrition and Health Status Survey of the Jiangsu resident in 2002 by 24 h dietary recall on three consecutive days. Dietary cadmium exposures for the residents of different age groups were obtained by using both point estimation and simple distribution estimation through integrating the two datasets above. The safety of dietary cadmium exposure was assessed. RESULTS: Point estimation showed that the average dietary cadmium intakes of different age groups ranged from 5.7 to 8.6 microg/kg, accounting for 567.1% - 857.1% of the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI, 1.0 microg/kg). Result of simple distribution method showed mean daily cadmium exposure of different age groups ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 microg/kg, accounting for 20% - 40% of PTDI. Mean weekly cadmium exposure ranged from 1.4 to 2.5 microg/kg, accounting for 20% - 35.7% of the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI, 7.0 microg/kg). The mean daily dietary cadmium exposure for different groups were as follows: < 7, 0.4 microg/kg; 7-, 0.3 microg/kg; 13-, 0.2 microg/kg; 18-, 0.2 microg/kg. Differences of daily dietary cadmium exposures among groups were significant (F = 69.0, P < 0.05). The mean weekly dietary cadmium exposure for different groups were: < 7, 2.5 microg/kg; 7-, 2.0 microg/kg; 13-, 1.4 microg/kg; 18-, 1.4 microg/kg. Differences of weekly dietary cadmium exposures among groups were also significant (F = 41.6, P < 0.05). The P97.5 of daily cadmium exposure for < 7 and 7- were 1.4 and 1.2 microg/kg, respectively, both of which were higher than PTDI. The P99.0 of daily cadmium exposure for 13- and 18- were 1.3 and 1.1 microg/kg, respectively. The daily dietary exposure from cereals for different age groups were 21.5 - 253.4 microg/kg, occupying 42.2% - 47.8% of the total daily exposure. Vegetables were 8.0 - 119.4 microg/kg, occupying 14.6% - 20.1%. CONCLUSION: The average level of dietary cadmium exposures for residents in Jiangsu province calculated by simple distribution estimation were much lower than that calculated by point estimation and were considered to be at no risk. P97.5 or P99.0 of daily or weekly dietary cadmium exposure of different age groups exceeded PTWI and PTDI. The main food types of dietary cadmium exposure were cereals and vegetables.

[Development and verification of Chinese dietary exposure evaluation model software].

OBJECTIVE: To develop the dietary exposure evaluation model software accredited of Chinese intellectual property rights and to verify the rationality and accuracy of the results from the probabilistic model in Chinese dietary exposure evaluation model software according to international standards. METHODS: The software of SAS was used to build various evaluation model based on the data from Chinese dietary survey and the chemical compound in food surveillance and to design an operation interface. The results from probabilistic dietary exposure model for children 2 - 7 years old were compared with that from duplicate portion study of 2-7 years children dietary exposure in Jinhu, Jiangsu province in order to analyze the rationality of model. The results from probabilistic model of dietary exposure were compared with the results from @Risk software to verify the correction of the probabilistic model by using the same data of randomly selected 10 000 study subjects from national dietary survey. While, the mean drift was used as an internal index to illustrate the accuracy of the computation. RESULTS: Chinese dietary exposure evaluation software was developed successfully. On the rationality, the results from probabilistic model were lower than that from the point estimation (e.g., cucumber: the result of point estimation of acephate was 4.78 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1), while the results of probabilistic model which was 0.39 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Meanwhile the results from probabilistic model were higher than the results of duplicate portion study (on the P95, the result of probabilistic model of Pb exposure in children was 11.08 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1), while the results of duplicate portion study was 5.75 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1)). On accuracy, the results from @Risk and the probabilistic model were highly consistent (on the P95, the result of probabilistic assessment of acephate diet exposure was 4.27 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1), while the results of duplicate portion study was 4.24 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1)), and the mean drift was of random distribution, the drift region varied from 0.05% to 11.9%. CONCLUSION: The results computed by the software of Chinese dietary exposure evaluation model are reliable and reasonable, which is a meaningful step to improve the dietary exposure evaluation technique in China.

[Changes of serum matrix metalloproteinases-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-9 in coal workers' pneumoconiosis].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes and significance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-9 in serum of patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). METHODS: Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-9 were determined by sandwich ELISA in 188 cases of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (including 53 cases of coal pneumoconiosis, 67 cases of coal-silica pneumoconiosis and 68 cases of silicosis), 57 cases of 0+ miner (group 0+), 64 cases of healthy miner (dust exposed control) and 50 healthy people (healthy control) , and were further evaluated according to stage, complication, and the duration of exposure to dust in CWP group. RESULTS: The median of serum MMP-9 in coal pneumoconiosis, coal-silica pneumoconiosis and silicosis were 17.16, 15.14 and 17.50 ng/ml respectively. The levels of serum MMP-9 in silicosis and coal-silica pneumoconiosis were lower than that in dust exposed control and 0+ group (P < 0.05), and there were no differences among 3 groups of CWP. The levels of serum TIMP-9 in coal pneumoconiosis, coal-silica pneumoconiosis and silicosis were (330.00 +/- 108.42), (312.04 +/- 120.09) and (366.81 +/- 135.50) ng/ml respectively, and compared with dust exposed control and 0+ group, it increased in silicosis and coal pneumoconiosis significantly (P < 0.05). The levels of serum TIMP-9 in silicosis were higher significantly than that of coal-silica pneumoconiosis (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the levels of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-9 in CWP according to CWP stage, complications and the duration of exposure to dust (P > 0.05). There was a positive correlation between age and the concentration of TIMP-9 in silicosis (r = 0.249, P < 0.05). A positive correlation was shown between the levels of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-9 only in dust exposed control (r = 0.294, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of serum MMP-9 and TIMP-9 are associated with the harmful effect to miner resulted from dust. The apparent disturbance of MMP-9 and TIMP-9 might take part in the pathogenesis of CWP. Dynamic observation of its concentration in group 0+ and health miners might contribute to the prevention, early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CWP.

[Value of tumor markers series of hydrothorax in differential diagnosis of pleural effusion].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of pleural effusion lung ProGRP, neuron specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA21-1), carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), carbohydrate antigen 19 - 9 (CA19-9) in differential diagnosis and histological typing of malignant pleural effusion caused by lung cancer. METHODS: All the 171 patients with malignant hydrothorax caused by lung cancer were from coal-mine area of Kailuan. They were divided into the small cell lung cancer (SCLC) group (n = 39), the adenocarcinoma group (n = 99) and the squamous cell carcinoma group (n = 37). The patients with benign pleural effusion served as the controls (n = 30). The diagnostic value of pleural effusion ProGRP, NSE, CYFRA21-1, CEA, CA153 and CA19-9 was compared for each group. RESULTS: Youden index and the accurate rate of pleural effusion ProGRP + NSE (sequence test) were the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by SCLC. CEA + CA153 + CA19-9 (sequence test) was the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by adenocarcinoma. CYFRA21-1 + CEA + CA153 (on parallel test) were the highest in the diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by squamous cell carcinoma. The Yonden index and the accurate rate were the highest by the single detection of CYFRA21 (0.5514 and 0.6878), and by the combined detection of ProGRP + CYFRA21-1 + CEA (on parallel test) (0.7029 and 0.8878). CONCLUSION: The first pleural effusion tumor markers of malignant hydrothorax caused by the SCLC, adenocarcinoma of lung, and lung squamous cell carcinoma are ProGRP, CEA and CYFRA21-1, respectively. The best combinations of pleural effusion tumor marker in diagnosis of malignant hydrothorax caused by the SCLC, adenocarcinoma of lung, lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung cancer are the combined detection of ProGRP + NSE (sequence test), combined detection of CEA + CA153 + CA19-9 (sequence test), the combined detection of CYFRA21-1 + CEA + CA153 (on parallel test) and ProGRP + CYFRA21-1 + CEA (on parallel test), respectively.

[Levels and clinic significance of serum soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand in coal workers' pneumoconiosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of levels and clinic significance of serum soluble Fas (sFas) and soluble FasL (sFasL) in coal workers' pneumonoconiosis. METHODS: Serum levels of sFas and sFasL were determined in 52 patients with silicosis, 57 coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, 46 healthy underground coal workers' (the underground control group) and 40 healthy volunteers working on the ground (the ground control group) with a sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: Compared to the underground control and the ground control group, the serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis were significantly higher (P < 0.01). Serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the underground control group were significantly higher than those in the ground control group (P < 0.01); Serum sFas levels in coal workers' pneumonoconiosis was significantly higher than those in the patients with silicosis (P < 0.01). Although the serum sFasL levels was also increased, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). In the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis patients, the serum sFas levels in Phase I patients combined with emphysema and simple Phase II + III patients were significantly higher than those in simple Phase I patients (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the serum sFasL levels among various groups with different parameters of pneumonoconiosis. In the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, serum levels of sFas and sFasL were not significantly altered among different duration of exposure to dusts. There was no correlation between serum levels of sFas and sFasL in the patients with silicosis while there was a slightly positive correlation between sFas and sFasL levels in the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis (r = 0.479, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the patients with silicosis and the coal workers' pneumonoconiosis, the serum levels of sFas and sFasL are abnormal and associated with the development of the pneumonoconiosis. The changes of serum sFas levels may indicate the development and progression of the pneumonoconiosis. The detection of the serum sFas level may be used in the differential diagnosis for the silicosis and the coal worker's pneumonoconiosis.