Large-scale benchmarking of circRNA detection tools reveals large differences in sensitivity but not in precision.

The detection of circular RNA molecules (circRNAs) is typically based on short-read RNA sequencing data processed using computational tools. Numerous such tools have been developed, but a systematic comparison with orthogonal validation is missing. Here, we set up a circRNA detection tool benchmarking study, in which 16 tools detected more than 315,000 unique circRNAs in three deeply sequenced human cell types. Next, 1,516 predicted circRNAs were validated using three orthogonal methods. Generally, tool-specific precision is high and similar (median of 98.8%, 96.3% and 95.5% for qPCR, RNase R and amplicon sequencing, respectively) whereas the sensitivity and number of predicted circRNAs (ranging from 1,372 to 58,032) are the most significant differentiators. Of note, precision values are lower when evaluating low-abundance circRNAs. We also show that the tools can be used complementarily to increase detection sensitivity. Finally, we offer recommendations for future circRNA detection and validation.

RNAlight: a machine learning model to identify nucleotide features determining RNA subcellular localization.

Different RNAs have distinct subcellular localizations. However, nucleotide features that determine these distinct distributions of lncRNAs and mRNAs have yet to be fully addressed. Here, we develop RNAlight, a machine learning model based on LightGBM, to identify nucleotide k-mers contributing to the subcellular localizations of mRNAs and lncRNAs. With the Tree SHAP algorithm, RNAlight extracts nucleotide features for cytoplasmic or nuclear localization of RNAs, indicating the sequence basis for distinct RNA subcellular localizations. By assembling k-mers to sequence features and subsequently mapping to known RBP-associated motifs, different types of sequence features and their associated RBPs were additionally uncovered for lncRNAs and mRNAs with distinct subcellular localizations. Finally, we extended RNAlight to precisely predict the subcellular localizations of other types of RNAs, including snRNAs, snoRNAs and different circular RNA transcripts, suggesting the generality of using RNAlight for RNA subcellular localization prediction.

SCAPTURE: a deep learning-embedded pipeline that captures polyadenylation information from 3' tag-based RNA-seq of single cells.

Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) profiles gene expression with high resolution. Here, we develop a stepwise computational method-called SCAPTURE to identify, evaluate, and quantify cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PASs) from 3' tag-based scRNA-seq. SCAPTURE detects PASs de novo in single cells with high sensitivity and accuracy, enabling detection of previously unannotated PASs. Quantified alternative PAS transcripts refine cell identity analysis beyond gene expression, enriching information extracted from scRNA-seq data. Using SCAPTURE, we show changes of PAS usage in PBMCs from infected versus healthy individuals at single-cell resolution.

Increased Macroautophagy in Interferon-Gamma-Producing T Cells from Patients with Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Imbalance of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17 producing by T cells is confirmed to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autophagy is now emerging as a core player in the development and the function of the immune system. Therefore, we investigated the autophagic behavior in IFN-γ-, IL-4-, and IL-17-producing T cells from patients with SLE. METHODS: Thirty patients with SLE and 25 healthy controls matched for gender and age were recruited between September 2016 and May 2017. The autophagic levels in IFN-γ+ T cells, IL-4+ T cells, and IL-17+ T cells from patients with newly diagnosed SLE and healthy controls were measured using flow cytometry. The plasma levels of IFN-γ were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in SLE patients and healthy controls. Unpaired t-tests and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare data from patients with SLE and controls. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was applied for calculation of the correlation between parallel variables in single samples. RESULTS: Our results showed increased percentage of autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells from patients with SLE and healthy controls ([8.07 ± 2.72]% vs. [3.76 ± 1.67]%, t = 5.184, P < 0.001), but not in IL-4+ T cells or IL-17+ T cells (P > 0.05) as compared to healthy donors. Moreover, the plasma levels of IFN-γ in SLE patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls ([68.9 ± 29.1] pg/ml vs. [24.7 ± 17.6] pg/ml, t = 5.430, P < 0.001). Moreover, in SLE patients, the percentage of autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells was positively correlated with the plasma levels of IFN-γ (r = 0.344, P = 0.046), as well as the disease activity of patients with SLE (r = 0.379, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells from SLE patients is activated, which might contribute to the persistence of T cells producing IFN-γ, such as Th1 cells, and consequently result in the high plasma levels of IFN-γ, and then enhance the disease activity of SLE.

WITHDRAWN Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 promoter-2518 G allele increases renal damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: result from a meta-analysis.

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher. Not clarified suspected conflict of interest.

Salvia miltiorrhiza injection restores apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes cultured with serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Salvia miltiorrhiza injection (SMI) is a water­soluble agent, derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM), that is traditionally used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore it has been demonstrated to possess the ability to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. However, it remains unclear whether SMI can induce apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast­like synoviocytes (FLS), which are hyperplastic in RA due to defective apoptosis. There is also evidence that allogenic serum may be associated with the induction of apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of serum during SMI­induced apoptosis in RA FLS. The results demonstrated that SMI could induce apoptosis of RA FLS, cultured with fetal bovine serum (FBS), in a dose­dependent manner. In addition, SMI decreased the expression of nuclear factor­κB in RA FLS nuclear extracts and inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor­α. Fas ligand expression was not detected in RA FLS, in either the presence or absence of SMI. The pro­apoptotic genes B­cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl­2) associated X protein (Bax) and Fas, were shown to be upregulated following SMI stimulation, whereas the expression levels of the anti­apoptotic gene Bcl­2, were downregulated. Upon replacement of FBS with normal human serum, the apoptotic rate and Bax mRNA expression levels following SMI stimulation, were unchanged. However, culturing RA FLS with patient' serum (RPS), restored the apoptotic rate and Bax mRNA expression levels following SMI stimulation. There may be numerous mechanisms by which SMI inhibits RA FLS proliferation. The present study demonstrated that SMI can restore apoptosis of RA FLS cultured with RPS. These results indicate that SMI may have a potential role in the treatment of synovial hyperplasia of RA.

Hydroxychloroquine facilitates autophagosome formation but not degradation to suppress the proliferation of cervical cancer SiHa cells.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the hydroxylated analog of chloroquine, is an antimalarial lysomotropic agent that inhibits autophagy due to lysosomal acidification, and subsequently blocks the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes which leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes that may accelerate tumor cell death. Given these hypothesis the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HCQ in the inhibition of autophagy and the induction of apoptosis in cervical cancer SiHa cells. Cervical cancer SiHa cells were cultured with Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) as positive control of autophagy or treated with HCQ as part of the experimental groups. LC3 and P62/SQSTM1 were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting, respectively in order to evaluate initially autophagosome formation and their degradation. Specific green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 was subsequently detected by fluorescence microscopy in order to confirm the formation of autophagosomes. MTT and flow cytometry were adopted respectively to assess the proliferation and apoptosis of the SiHa cells. miRNA-9* was also investigated. The results demonstrated that HCQ increased the expressions of LC3 mRNA and LC3II protein and GFP-LC3 signalling but reduced the expression of p62/STSQM1 in cervical cancer SiHa cells. These results indicated HCQ has the ability to inhibit autophagy as incapable of degrading the autophagosome. However, HCQ may promote SiHa cell apoptosis as the MTT, apoptotic assay and miRNA-9* results revealed. HCQ has the ability to inhibit autophagy by blocking the degradation of autophagosomes and subsequently facilitates the apoptosis of cervical cancer SiHa cells.

[Effects of danshen injection on the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes cultured with human serum].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Danshen Injection (DSI) on the proliferation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA FLSs) cultured in RA patients' serum. METHODS: The RA FLSs harvested from RA patients' synovial fluid were primarily cultured by routines. The cells were cultured with 10% inactivated human serum (the healthy human serum and the RA patients' serum) for 24 h. Then DSI at the final concentration of 0. 4 mg/mL was added in the cells for further 24 h culture. By taking 10% fetal calf serum as the control, the morphological changes were observed under optical microscope. The proliferation was analyzed by MTT. The apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The total RNA was extracted and reverse transcription was performed. The Bax mRNA expression was detected by fluorescent quantitative PCR. RESULTS: (1) After human serum was added in the healthy human serum and RA patients' serum, cells could grow adhering to the wall. Compared with the fetal calf serum group (FCS), the cell density was higher in the healthy human serum group than in the fetal calf serum group, with no obvious morphological changes. (2) MTT results showed that, compared with the fetal calf serum group, the absorbance value (OD) obviously increased in the healthy human serum group and the RA patients' serum group, showing statistical difference (P <0.01). After adding DSI at the final concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, cells from different serums were inhibited to various degrees (with OD significantly decreased, P <0.05). The OD value significantly increased more in the healthy human serum group and the RA patients' serum group than in the fetal calf serum group, showing statistical difference (P <0.01). There was statistical difference between the healthy human serum group and the RA patients' serum group (P <0.01). (3) The apoptosis rate in the RA patients' serum group obviously decreased with statistical difference, when compared with the Salvia miltiorrhiza free fetal calf serum group (P >0. 01). The apoptosis rate in the fetal calf serum group and the RA patients' serum group significantly increased after adding 0.4 mg/mL Salvia miltiorrhiza, showing statistical difference when compared with the Salvia miltiorrhiza free fetal calf serum group and the Salvia miltiorrhiza free RA patients' serum group (P <0.05). The FLSs were effected by 0.4 mg/mL Salvia miltiorrhiza, the apoptosis rate significantly decreased in the healthy human serum group and the RA patients' serum group, showing statistical difference when compared with the fetal calf serum group (P <0. 05, P <0.01). (4) The expression of Bax gene significantly increased in the RA patients' serum group and the fetal calf serum group after action of 0.4 mg/mL Salvia miltiorrhiza, showing statistical difference (P <0. 01). When 0.4 mg/mL Salvia miltiorrhiza was added, the expression of Bax mRNA obviously increased in the healthy human serum group and the RA patients' serum group, showing statistical difference when compared with the fetal calf serum group (P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Although healthy human serum can be favorable to the growth of RA FLSs, the fetal calf serum could reflect the actual results better in the cyto biological research on specific diseases (if there is no serum from patients with corresponding disease). (2) DSI could inhibit the proliferation of RA FLSs through promoting their apoptosis.

Autophagy appears during the development of the mouse lower first molar.

Odontogenesis consists of a series of consecutive tooth morphogenesis stages, in which apoptosis is involved to eliminate the unnecessary cells. Autophagy, a lysosome or endosome-mediated self-degradation process, is indicated to participate in embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis associated with apoptosis. This study hypothesized that autophagy may be involved and associated with apoptosis in odontogenesis. The transcripts of autophagy-related genes (Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12) were positively detected in tooth germs at embryonic day (E) 14.5 and postnatal day (P) 5.5 by quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression of Atg5-Atg12 conjugate and lipidation of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, autophagic marker) were revealed in the developing tooth germs by western blot. Meanwhile, LC3 was immunolocalized in the enamel organ and dental papilla at embryonic stages (E13.5-E18.5), especially stage E14.5 cervical loop and the PEK that facing the mesenchyme. At postnatal stages (P1.5-P15.5), besides the dental epithelium cells, LC3 was detected in the differentiating and differentiated odontoblasts, dental follicle cells, and Hertwig's epithelium root sheath cells. Moreover, double-immunofluorescence analysis revealed the partial colocalization of LC3 and TUNEL signal in the E14.5 PEK that facing the mesenchyme, the E16.5 stratum intermedium and outer enamel epithelium, the P5.5 stratum intermedium and stellate reticulum. Nevertheless, LC3 was also found in non-apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the transmission electron microscopic images revealed the presence of autophagy, as well as the partial colocalization of autophagic vacuoles and apoptotic nuclei during tooth development. Our findings imply the developmental appearance of autophagy and its partial colocalization with apoptosis during odontogenesis.

[The association of vitamin D receptor gene ApaI and BsmI polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene ApaI and BsmI polymorphism in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the association with SLE in Chinese Han patients. METHODS: Genomic DNA from 244 Chinese SLE patients and 162 sex and ethnically matched controls were typed for VDR ApaI and BsmI polymorphism combination by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Clinical characteristics were analyzed between different ApaI and BsmI genotypes. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the distribution frequencies of allelic gene A and a in SLE patients and the controls, but the distribution frequency of genotypes heterozygote Aa in SLE patients was higher than that in the controls (38.9% vs 22.2%, χ(2) = 12.442, P = 0.000). There was no significant difference between the distribution frequency of allelic gene and genotypes of BsmI in SLE patients and the controls (P > 0.05). However, there was significant difference between the distribution frequencies of ApaI and BsmI genotypes combination in SLE patients and the controls (χ(2) = 18.226, P = 0.006). The distribution frequency of genotypes Aa-bb in SLE patients was higher than that in the controls (32.4% vs 17.9%, χ(2) = 10.449 P = 0.001), while the distribution frequency of genotypes Aa-bb in SLE patients was lower than that in the controls (30.3% vs 42.0%, χ(2) = 5.808, P = 0.016). Furthermore, analyzing the effect of VDR ApaI and BsmI polymorphism combination to the symptoms of SLE, significant difference was observed in SLE patients carrying Aa-bb genotypes involved in serositis (P = 0.003), hematological system disorder (P = 0.021), and anti-Sm antibodies (P = 0.01) compared with other genotypes. CONCLUSION: There is significant association between ApaI and BsmI gene polymorphism Aa-bb genotypes and the incidence of SLE in the Han population of China, and genotype Aa-bb is more involved in serositis, hematological system disorder and has a positive effect on production of antibodies.

[Relationship of vitamin D receptor gene Fok I polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus].

AIM: To investigate the relationship of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene Fok I polymorphism with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to observe VDR mRNA levels in Chinese Han SLE patients. METHODS: Genomic DNAs from 271 Chinese SLE patients and 130 healthy controls were determined for Fok I polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and VDR mRNA levels from 48 Chinese SLE patients and 38 healthy controls were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Gene frequencies of allelic F and f were significantly different between the SLE patients and the controls (P=0.001).The relative risk of SLE in the presence of allelic gene F was 1.630 (95%CI=1.210-2.196, P=0.001). The frequency of homozygote FF in the SLE patients was higher than that in the controls (42.8% vs 25.4%, x(2);=11.417, P=0.001). Serositis, anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-Sm antibody and anti-histone antibody in the SLE patients carrying homozygote FF and heterozygote Ff were higher than those in the SLE patients carrying homozygote ff (P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.047, P=0.001, respectively). The VDR mRNA was decreased in the SLE patients, with a delta;Ct value of 9.26 ± 2.37 (P=0.026), as compared with a delta;Ct value of 7.82 ± 3.05 in the controls (the bigger of the delta;Ct value, the lower of VDR mRNA expression). The delta;Ct value of VDR mRNA in the SLE patients carrying FF and Ff was bigger than that in the SLE patients carrying ff (10.54 ± 1.88 vs 7.15 ± 3.78, P=0.019). CONCLUSION: VDR gene Fok I polymorphism is associated with SLE in the Han population of southern China. The SLE patients carrying F allel ± are more likely to have serositis and produce anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-Sm antibody and anti-Histone antibody, presumably as a result of down-regulation of VDR mRNA.

[Detecting anti-megakaryocyte antibodies in serum of systemic lupus erythematosus patients by indirect immunofluorescence].

This study was purposed to investigate the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through detecting anti-megakaryocyte antibodies in SLE patients. The serum anti-megakaryocyte antibodies in 36 SLE cases with thrombocytopenia were detected by using indirect immunofluorescence, the detected results were compared with detected results of 30 SLE cases without thrombocytopenia and 30 healthy persons. The results showed that the positive incidences of anti-megakaryocyte antibody in serum of 36 SLE cases with thrombocytopenia, 30 SLE cases without thrombocytopenia and 30 healthy persons were 19.4% (7/36), 6.7% (2/30) and 3.3% (1/30) respectively. As compared with SLE patients without thrombocytopenia and healthy persons, SLE patients with thrombocytopenia had higher incidence of anti-megakaryocyte antibodies, moreover there was significant difference between SLE patients with thrombocytopenia and healthy persons (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between SLE patients with or without thrombocytopenia (p > 0.05). It is concluded that autoantibodies against megakaryocytes exist in SLE patients and may partially contribute to the incidence of thrombocytopenia in SLE patients. The detection of anti-megakaryocyte antibodies with a enough case number is needed to make a final conclusion on thrombocytopenia pathogenesis in SLE.

Circulating Dickkopf-1 and osteoprotegerin in patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane, leading to invasion of synovial tissue into the adjacent cartilage matrix with degradation of articular cartilage and bone as a consequence. Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) have been demonstrated to be key molecules involved in bone erosion and bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to explore the potential role of DKK-1 and OPG in different stage of RA. METHODS: The protein levels of DKK-1 and OPG were detected by ELISA. The serum samples were collected from 300 patients with RA and 60 healthy controls. Of which, 150 RA patients were defined as early RA (disease duration < or = 1 year), and other 150 RA patients were defined as longlasting RA (disease duration > or = 5 years). At the time of serum sampling, various clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed. The correlations of DKK-1 or OPG and clinical/laboratory parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The serum level of DKK-1 was elevated in patients with longstanding RA compared with healthy controls, while no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the level of OPG. In contrast, in early RA patients, the circulating OPG was elevated, while there was no significant difference between the two groups in expression of DKK-1. The serum DKK-1 was correlated with Sharp score and DAS28 in longstanding RA patients. In early RA, age was the only parameter that was significantly related to serum OPG. CONCLUSIONS: There was a cross-talk between DKK-1 and OPG, which involved in bone destruction in RA. In different stage of RA, DKK-1 and OPG may play different roles in the pathogenesis of RA.

Expression of FLICE-inhibitory protein in synovial tissue and its association with synovial inflammation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the expression of FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and analyze its correlation with synovial inflammation. METHODS: The expression of FLIP was assessed in 11 JIA and 3 normal synovial tissue samples by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The cell types expressing FLIP were further characterized, and the correlation of FLIP expression with the degree of synovial inflammation, as well as the activity of caspase 8 was then analyzed. RESULTS: RT-PCR revealed the expression of FLIP mRNA in all 11 JIA samples, but not in 3 normal synovial tissues. In JIA, FLIP expression could be found in both the lining and sublining layers, mainly in the macrophage-like cells. Moreover, the expression of FLIP in JIA synovial tissues was positively correlated with the degree of synovial inflammation (r = 0.563, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of antiapoptotic FLIP in JIA synovial tissue and its correlation to accumulation of inflammatory cells in synovial tissue suggests that FLIP potentially extends the lifespan of synovial cells and thus contributes to the progression of joint destruction.

Potential Role of Dentin Sialoprotein by Inducing Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation and Mineralization for Dental Tissue Repair.

INTRODUCTION: Dentin sialoprotein (DSP) is a dentin extracellular matrix protein, a unique marker of dentinogenesis and plays a vital role in odontoblast differentiation and dentin mineralization. Recently, studies have shown that DSP induces differentiation and mineralization of periodontal ligament stem cells and dental papilla mesenchymal cells in vitro and rescues dentin deficiency and increases enamel mineralization in animal models. THE HYPOTHESIS: DSP as a nature therapeutic agent stimulates dental tissue repair by inducing endogenous dental pulp mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells into odontoblast-like cells to synthesize and to secrete dentin extracellular matrix forming new tertiary dentin as well as to regenerate a functional dentin-pulp complex. As DSP is a nature protein, and clinical procedure for DSP therapy is easy and simple, application of DSP may provide a new avenue for dentists with additional option for the treatment of substantially damaged vital teeth. EVALUATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: Dental caries is the most common dental disease. Deep caries and pulp exposure have been treated by various restorative materials with limited success. One promising approach is dental pulp stem/progenitor-based therapies to regenerate dentin-pulp complex and restore its functions by DSP induction in vivo.

Expression of CC chemokine ligand 5 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its correlation with disease activity and medication.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in serum and synovial fluid (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their relations with disease activity and medication. METHODS: CCL5 in serum and SF was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 28 RA patients and 21 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. In RA patients, the correlations of CCL5 levels in serum and SF with disease activity were analyzed. Meanwhile, the serum CCL5 levels among RA patients treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), Tripterygium Glucosides, and other Chinese herbs without disease-modifying effects were also compared. RESULTS: CCL5 levels in both serum and SF of RA patients were significantly higher than those of OA patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, the level of CCL5 was higher in SF than that in serum of RA patients (P < 0.01). Serum CCL5 level was correlated significantly with the number of swollen joints (r = 0.3329, P < 0.05), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.4001, P < 0.05), and C reactive protein (r = 0.3735, P < 0.01). In addition, the level of CCL5 had a trend of lower in patients treated with DMARDs or Tripterygium Glucosides than those treated with other Chinese herbs, although the difference was not significant among those patients due to the small number of patients in each group. CONCLUSIONS: In RA patients, the expression of CCL5 increases and correlates with some clinical and laboratory parameters of RA, which indicate that CCL5 plays an important role in RA and may serve as a useful marker of disease activity. DMARDs and Tripterygium Glucosides might exert their clinical effects through reducing CCL5 production in RA.

Sonic hedgehog signaling is critical for cytodifferentiation and cusp formation in developing mouse molars.

The present study was designed to investigate the direct role of Shh molecule on cytodifferentiation and cusp formation. Affi-gel blue beads soaked in exogenous Shh-N, Shh antibody or BSA control protein were implanted between the epithelium and mesenchyme of isolated molar germs at the cap stage. The recombinants were grafted for culture under the kidney capsules respectively. In compared to the control, additional Shh-N protein could not enhance the ameloblasts and odontoblasts differentiation of the explanted tooth germs. While, application of Shh antibody retarded these events. After 4 weeks of subrenal culture, the teeth dissected from the explants treated with Shh-N were multicuspid. Most of the teeth harvested from the Shh antibody group were small and single irregularly shaped cusp was visible. The main cusp height in this group was reduced. The results indicated Shh signaling pathway is critical for odontoblast and ameloblast differentiation and patterns cusp formation.

[Membrane and cytoplasmic expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the production of membrane-expressed urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (muPAR) and cytoplasmic-expressed uPAR (cuPAR) in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and analyze their relationship with the severity of synovial inflammation in RA. METHODS: MuPAR and cuPAR were measured with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and immunoperoxidase histochemical analysis of the synovial tissue sections from 18 patients with RA, 10 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 4 healthy subjects. The association of uPAR expression with the severity of synovitis in RA was then analyzed. RESULTS: MuPAR positive cells were detected in approximately (66.0+/-9.4)% of the RA synovial cells, distributed predominantly in vascular endothelial cells and fibroblast cells. While cuPAR positive cells were found in about (61.0+/-5.8)% of the RA synovial cells, including subsynovial and interstitial macrophage-like cells, mononuclear leukocytes and fibroblast cells. Both the muPAR and cuPAR expression were much more increased in RA synovial tissue than those in OA synovial tissue. Furthermore, the number of muPAR (r=0.672, P<0.01) and cuPAR (r=0.649, P<0.01) positive cells in synovial tissue was also found to be correlated significantly with the severity of synovial inflammation in RA patients. CONCLUSION: The up-regulated expression of muPAR in synovial vascular endothelial cells suggests an important role of this molecule in angiogenesis in RA and the increased production of cuPAR in synovial inflammatory cells indicates the involvement of cuPAR in the inflammatory process in RA.